Your search found 9 records
1 Sorensen, J. P. R.; Sadhu, A.; Sampath, G.; Sugden, S.; Gupta, S. D.; Lapworth, D. J.; Marchant, B. P.; Pedley, S. 2016. Are sanitation interventions a threat to drinking water supplies in rural India? an application of tryptophan-like fluorescence. Water Research, 88:923-932. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.006]
Drinking water ; Water quality ; Groundwater ; Contamination ; Water supply ; Tube wells ; Manual pumps ; Sanitation ; Pit latrines ; Risk factors ; Indicators ; Faecal coliforms ; Tryptophan ; Fluorescence ; Models ; Forecasting ; Rural areas ; Villages / India / Bihar / Maksudpur / Shahjahanpur / Sigariyawan / Taraura
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048058)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135415303341/pdfft?md5=4b626e26e4080f7fbaf5dfc4f6e6e57d&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135415303341-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048058.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048058.pdf
(1.91 MB) (1.91 MB)
Open defecation is practised by over 600 million people in India and there is a strong political drive to eliminate this through the provision of on-site sanitation in rural areas. However, there are concerns that the subsequent leaching of excreta from subsurface storage could be adversely impacting underlying groundwater resources upon which rural populations are almost completely dependent for domestic water supply. We investigated this link in four villages undergoing sanitary interventions in Bihar State, India. A total of 150 supplies were sampled for thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms (TTC) and tryptophan-like fluorescence (TLF): an emerging real-time indicator of faecal contamination. Sanitary risk inspections were also performed at all sites, including whether a supply was located within 10 m of a toilet, the recommended minimum separation. Overall, 18% of water supplies contained TTCs, 91% of which were located within 10 m of a toilet, 58% had TLF above detection limit, and sanitary risk scores were high. Statistical analysis demonstrated TLF was an effective indicator of TTC presence-absence, with a possibility of TTCs only where TLF exceeded 0.4 µg/L dissolved tryptophan. Analysis also indicated proximity to a toilet was the only significant sanitary risk factor predicting TTC presence-absence and the most significant predictor of TLF. Faecal contamination was considered a result of individual water supply vulnerability rather than indicative of widespread leaching into the aquifer. Therefore, increasing faecal contamination of groundwater-derived potable supplies is inevitable across the country as uptake of on-site sanitation intensifies. Communities need to be aware of this link and implement suitable decentralised low-cost treatment of water prior to consumption and improve the construction and protection of new supplies.
2 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Evans, B.; Hardy, Richard; Ahmed, R.; Habib, A.; Asad, N. S. M.; Rahman, M.; Hasan, H.; Dey, D.; Fletcher, J.; Camargo-Valero, M. A.; Rao, Krishna Chaitanya; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2017. Towards sustainable sanitation management: Establishing the costs and willingness to pay for emptying and transporting sludge in rural districts with high rates of access to latrines. PLoS One, 12(3):1-20. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171735]
Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Waste treatment ; Sanitation ; Transport infrastructure ; Rural areas ; Latrines ; Pit latrines ; Environmental impact assessment ; Health hazards ; Financing ; State intervention ; Households ; Maintenance costs / Bangladesh / Bhaluka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048078)
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0171735&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048078.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048078.pdf
(1.53 MB)
Motivation: Proper management of fecal sludge has significant positive health and environmental externalities. Most research on managing onsite sanitation so far either simulates the costs of, or the welfare effects from, managing sludge in situ in pit latrines. Thus, designing management strategies for onsite rural sanitation is challenging, because the actual costs of transporting sludge for treatment, and sources for financing these transport costs, are not well understood. Methods: In this paper we calculate the actual cost of sludge management from onsite latrines, and identify the contributions that latrine owners are willing to make to finance the costs. A spreadsheet-based model is used to identify a cost-effective transport option, and to calculate the cost per household. Then a double-bound contingent valuation method is used to elicit from pit-latrine owners their willingness-to-pay to have sludge transported away. This methodology is employed for the case of a rural subdistrict in Bangladesh called Bhaluka, a unit of administration at which sludge management services are being piloted by the Government of Bangladesh. Results: The typical sludge accumulation rate in Bhaluka is calculated at 0.11 liters/person/day and a typical latrine will need to be emptied approximately once every 3 to 4 years. The costs of emptying and transport are high; approximately USD 13 per emptying event (circa 14% of average monthly income); household contributions could cover around 47% of this cost. However, if costs were spread over time, the service would cost USD 4 per year per household, or USD 0.31 per month per household—comparable to current expenditures of rural households on telecommunications. Conclusion: This is one of few research papers that brings the costs of waste management together with financing of that cost, to provide evidence for an implementable solution. This framework can be used to identify cost effective sludge management options and private contributions towards that cost in other (context-specific) administrative areas where onsite sanitation is widespread.
3 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Evans, E.; Ahmed, R.; Habib, A.; Asad, N. S. M.; Rahman, M.; Hasan, M.; Dey, D.; Camargo-Valero, M.; Rao, Krishna Chaitanya; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2017. Take it away: the need for designing fecal sludge disposal services for single-pit latrines. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 7(1):121-128. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.073]
Faecal sludge ; Waste disposal ; Waste management ; Pit latrines ; Sanitation ; Rural areas ; Household wastes ; Transport infrastructure ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Environmental health / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048079)
The government of Bangladesh is increasingly paying attention to the safe collection and disposal of fecal sludge from pit latrines in rural areas. In this paper, we report on current sludge disposal practices from single-pit latrines, by conducting a survey of 1,091 households with pit latrines in a rural subdistrict of Bangladesh. Almost all households were using their pits, and 90% reported that hiring pit emptiers to empty the pit for reuse was the dominant pit management practice. However, 90% of households also reported that the sludge from these pits would be disposed of in the vicinity of their homes, by digging wide and shallow troughs in the soil to absorb the sludge. These results indicate an urgent need to design an organized service that safely transports fecal sludge away for treatment. The National Committee for Fecal Sludge Management, constituted by the government of Bangladesh, is using these results to design policy for sludge management.
4 Rao, Krishna C.; Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2017. Resource recovery and reuse as an incentive for a more viable sanitation service chain. Water Alternatives, 10(2):493-512.
Resource recovery ; Sanitation ; Public health ; Incentives ; Faecal sludge ; Business management ; Cost recovery ; Waste treatment ; Wastewater treatment ; Nutrients ; Private sector ; Public sector ; Stakeholders ; Excreta ; Pit latrines ; Waste disposal ; Composting ; Organic matter / India / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048169)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol10/v10issue2/367-a10-2-17/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048169.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048169.pdf
(1.33 MB)
Recovering nutrients, water and energy from domestic waste streams, including wastewater and faecal sludge, is slowly gaining momentum in low-income countries. Resource recovery and reuse (RRR) offers value beyond environmental benefits through cost recovery. An expected game changer in sanitation service provision is a business model where benefits accrued via RRR can support upstream sanitation services despite the multitude of private and public stakeholders involved from waste collection to treatment. This paper shows options of how resource recovery and reuse can be an incentive for the sustainable sanitation service chain, by recovering costs where revenue can feed back internally or using generated revenues from reuse to fill financial gaps across the service chain to complement other supporting mechanisms for making waste management more attractive.
5 Buijs, J.; Gebauer, H.; Otoo, Miriam; Evans, A. 2018. Fecal sludge for on-farm use (Bangalore Honey Suckers, India) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.508-515.
Faecal sludge ; Sewage ; Pit latrines ; Organic fertilizers ; Septic tanks ; Market economies ; Business models ; Supply chain ; Sanitation ; Case studies / India / Bangalore
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048672)
(1.04 MB)
6 McGill, B. M.; Altchenko, Yvan; Hamilton, S. K.; Kenabatho, P. K.; Sylvester, S. R.; Villholth, Karen G. 2019. Complex interactions between climate change, sanitation, and groundwater quality: a case study from Ramotswa, Botswana. Hydrogeology Journal, 27(3):997-1015. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1901-4]
Climate change ; Sanitation ; Groundwater management ; Water quality ; Water supply ; Water security ; Drinking water ; Monitoring ; Wastewater treatment ; Water pollution ; Ecological factors ; Environmental factors ; Environmental protection ; Nitrates ; Denitrification ; Contamination ; Aquifers ; Rainfall ; Drought ; Pit latrines ; Faecal coliforms ; Caffeine ; Human wastes ; Case studies / Africa South of Sahara / Botswana / Ramotswa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049051)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10040-018-1901-4.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049051.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049051.pdf
(1.98 MB)
Groundwater quantity and quality may be affected by climate change through intricate direct and indirect mechanisms. At the same time, population growth and rapid urbanization have made groundwater an increasingly important source of water for multiple uses around the world, including southern Africa. The present study investigates the coupled human and natural system (CHANS) linking climate, sanitation, and groundwater quality in Ramotswa, a rapidly growing peri-urban area in the semi-arid southeastern Botswana, which relies on the transboundary Ramotswa aquifer for water supply. Analysis of long-term rainfall records indicated that droughts like the one in 2013–2016 are increasing in likelihood in the area due to climate change. Key informant interviews showed that due to the drought, people increasingly used pit latrines rather than flush toilets. Nitrate, fecal coliforms, and caffeine analyses of Ramotswa groundwater revealed that human waste leaching from pit latrines is the likely source of nitrate pollution. The results in conjunction indicate critical indirect linkages between climate change, sanitation, groundwater quality, and water security in the area. Improved sanitation, groundwater protection and remediation, and local water treatment would enhance reliable access to water, de-couple the community from reliance on surface water and associated water shortage risks, and help prevent transboundary tension over the shared aquifer.
7 Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Fernando, Sudarshana; Hanjra, M. A. 2019. Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 57p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 14) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.211]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Faecal sludge ; Sanitation ; Guidelines ; Regulations ; Standards ; Policies ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Frameworks ; Technology ; Waste disposal ; Waste treatment ; Pit latrines ; Septic tanks ; Transport ; Operating costs ; Public health ; Excreta ; Pathogens ; Aquaculture ; Pollutants ; Heavy metals ; Microplastics ; Soil conditioners ; Sewage sludge ; Organic fertilizers ; Composting ; Energy generation ; Fuels ; Environmental protection ; Occupational hazards ; Land use ; Urban areas ; Households ; Stakeholders ; Institutions ; Governmental organizations ; European Union / USA / Canada / Australia / India / Malaysia / Philippines / Vietnam / Bangladesh / Zambia / Ghana / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049291)
(1.05 MB)
In low- and middle-income countries, the management of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems has received little attention over many decades, resulting in insufficient or missing regulations to guide investments and management options. To address this gap, this report examines existing and emerging guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management (FSM) along the sanitation service chain (user interface, containment, emptying, transport, treatment, valorization, reuse or disposal). It also draws empirical examples from guidelines across the globe to support policy-makers, planners, and sanitation and health officers, as well as consultants in low- and middle-income countries in the development and design of local and national FSM guidelines and regulations.
8 Tayler, K. 2018. Faecal sludge and septage treatment: a guide for low- and middle-income countries. Warwickshire, UK: Practical Action Publishing. 349p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780449869]
Waste management ; Wastewater treatment ; Faecal sludge ; Excreta ; Sanitation ; Sewerage ; Septic tanks ; Pit latrines ; Waste disposal ; Waste water treatment plants ; Anaerobic treatment ; Solid wastes ; Liquid wastes ; Sludge dewatering ; Technology ; Planning ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 628.364 G000 TAY Record No: H049393)
https://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/3-3439-7-1540380071.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049393.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049393.pdf
(9.19 MB) (9.19 MB)
9 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2020. Faecal sludge management in Africa: socioeconomic aspects and human and environmental health implications. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 64p.
Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Environmental health ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Wastewater treatment ; Waste disposal ; Recycling ; Treatment plants ; Excreta ; Pathogens ; Septic tanks ; Pit latrines ; Sanitation ; Value chains ; Trends ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Good practices ; Technology ; Business models ; Gender ; Women ; Inclusion ; Institutions ; Legal aspects / Africa South of Sahara / West Africa / East Africa / North Africa / Southern Africa / Senegal / Burkina Faso / Uganda / South Africa / Mozambique / Benin / Ghana / Dakar / Ouagadougou / Kampala / Durban / Maputo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050374)
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34350/FSM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050374.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050374.pdf
(12.10 MB) (12.1 MB)
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
