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1 Kaur, S.; Aggarwal, R.; Lal, R. 2016. Assessment and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from groundwater irrigation. Irrigation and Drainage, 65(5):762-770. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2050]
Groundwater irrigation ; Greenhouse gases ; Carbon dioxide ; Emission reduction ; Groundwater table ; Water levels ; Agriculture ; Water use ; Crop yield ; Water productivity ; Energy consumption ; Pumping ; Adaptation ; Case studies / India / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047899)
(1.32 MB)
Irrigation with groundwater consumes considerable energy as well as water resources across the world. Using a case study from Indian Punjab, this article emphasizes how a continued and massive use of groundwater for irrigation has reduced groundwater levels and increased carbon emissions. Estimates of C emissions from groundwater pumping for irrigation in Punjab indicate that over a period of 14 years (1998–2012), groundwater use has increased by 23%; groundwater levels have fallen by 5.47 m; energy requirements have increased by 67% resulting in increase in C emissions by 110%. Emissions rates have increased from 33 to 55 g m 3 of groundwater used, and 43.2 to 78 g-C kg 1 of grain. Thus, groundwater management is not only important to ensure sustainability of the finite resource but also is vital to control environmental consequences of groundwater use for irrigation.
2 Singla, C.; Aggarwal, R.; Kaur, S.. 2024. Impact of paddy on groundwater declination in Central Punjab. AQUA - Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 73(2):141-151. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.175]
Groundwater table ; Rice ; Paddy fields ; Rainfall ; Precipitation ; Evapotranspiration ; Temperature ; Irrigation / Pakistan / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052723)
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article-pdf/73/2/141/1370134/jws0730141.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052723.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052723.pdf
(0.65 MB) (668 KB)
Central Punjab includes over 40% of the state of Punjab. In Central Punjab, groundwater levels are dropping by more than 1 m every year. The primary cause of groundwater depletion in Central Punjab between 1998 and 2019 is presented in this paper. In order to detect any sudden changes in the area under paddy and the depth of groundwater, Pettitt's test was used. Based on change points and trends, the entire duration was split into two time periods: 1998–2008 (T1) and 2009–2019 (T2); rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and paddy area were assessed in both periods with 1998–2019 (T3). The slope methodology developed by Mann–Kendall and Sen demonstrated the trend analysis. The findings showed that changes in climate were caused by humans during the 1998–2008 era, changes in meteorological variables were caused by humans during the 2008–2019 period, and changes in climate were caused by humans during the T3 period. The major growing trend of groundwater depth loss is thought to be caused by the combined effects of rainfall variations, an increase in the maximum temperature, cropping intensity, and the number of pumping units.
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