Your search found 4 records
1 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Evans, B.; Ahmed, R.; Habib, A.; Asad, N. S. M.; Vuong, L.; Rahman, M.; Hasan, M.; Dey, D.; Camargo-Valero, M. 2016. Pump it up: making single-pit emptying safer in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 6(3):456-464. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.049]
Rural areas ; Faecal sludge ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage effluent disposal ; Sludge treatment ; Latrines ; Sanitation ; Health hazards ; Helminths ; Liquid wastes ; Public services ; State intervention ; Pumping / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047856)
(0.51 MB)
Safe emptying and disposal of fecal sludge from pit latrines in rural areas has become a priority for the Government of Bangladesh. In this paper, we calculate the volume and characterize the hazards of managing sludge to identify technologies for safely emptying rural single pits. In Bhaluka subdistrict, an estimated 15,000 m3 of sludge is produced annually. Physical, chemical, and microbial analysis of samples of sludge taken from pit latrines indicate that the sludge has a high moisture content of around 90%, a C:N ration of 10:1, and a helminth presence of 41 eggs/g. In a field test of alternative emptying technologies, simple pumps such as the gulper emerged as feasible for use in rural areas, due to the liquid nature of the sludge, narrow roads, and limited incomes of rural households. The results suggest that current practices of emptying liquid sludge manually without any protective equipment poses risks to those who handle sludge, and the process needs to be semi-mechanized with immediate effect. These results are being used by the Bangladesh government to design policy for sludge management. In the near future, an organized service that safely empties single pits and transports sludge for treatment needs to be urgently designed.
2 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Evans, B.; Hardy, Richard; Ahmed, R.; Habib, A.; Asad, N. S. M.; Rahman, M.; Hasan, H.; Dey, D.; Fletcher, J.; Camargo-Valero, M. A.; Rao, Krishna Chaitanya; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2017. Towards sustainable sanitation management: Establishing the costs and willingness to pay for emptying and transporting sludge in rural districts with high rates of access to latrines. PLoS One, 12(3):1-20. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171735]
Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Waste treatment ; Sanitation ; Transport infrastructure ; Rural areas ; Latrines ; Pit latrines ; Environmental impact assessment ; Health hazards ; Financing ; State intervention ; Households ; Maintenance costs / Bangladesh / Bhaluka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048078)
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0171735&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048078.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048078.pdf
(1.53 MB)
Motivation: Proper management of fecal sludge has significant positive health and environmental externalities. Most research on managing onsite sanitation so far either simulates the costs of, or the welfare effects from, managing sludge in situ in pit latrines. Thus, designing management strategies for onsite rural sanitation is challenging, because the actual costs of transporting sludge for treatment, and sources for financing these transport costs, are not well understood. Methods: In this paper we calculate the actual cost of sludge management from onsite latrines, and identify the contributions that latrine owners are willing to make to finance the costs. A spreadsheet-based model is used to identify a cost-effective transport option, and to calculate the cost per household. Then a double-bound contingent valuation method is used to elicit from pit-latrine owners their willingness-to-pay to have sludge transported away. This methodology is employed for the case of a rural subdistrict in Bangladesh called Bhaluka, a unit of administration at which sludge management services are being piloted by the Government of Bangladesh. Results: The typical sludge accumulation rate in Bhaluka is calculated at 0.11 liters/person/day and a typical latrine will need to be emptied approximately once every 3 to 4 years. The costs of emptying and transport are high; approximately USD 13 per emptying event (circa 14% of average monthly income); household contributions could cover around 47% of this cost. However, if costs were spread over time, the service would cost USD 4 per year per household, or USD 0.31 per month per household—comparable to current expenditures of rural households on telecommunications. Conclusion: This is one of few research papers that brings the costs of waste management together with financing of that cost, to provide evidence for an implementable solution. This framework can be used to identify cost effective sludge management options and private contributions towards that cost in other (context-specific) administrative areas where onsite sanitation is widespread.
3 Luh, J.; Ojomo, E.; Evans, B.; Bartram, J. 2017. National drinking water targets - trends and factors associated with target-setting. Water Policy, 19(5):851-866. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.108]
Drinking water ; National planning ; Standards ; International comparisons ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Millennium Development Goals ; Assessment ; Rural environment ; Urban environment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048419)
(0.42 MB)
We examine how national targets change with time and show that no consistent pattern exists across all countries examined for this article during the 1980–2013 period. Instead, countries fall into different trend types including constant, increasing, and decreasing national targets with time. We found that level of coverage is one likely factor in determining the national target of a country, where countries with low coverage levels set lower national targets compared to countries with high levels of coverage. In general, most countries set ambitious national targets that require the future rate of change to be more than 20% greater than the current rate. Setting ambitious targets is related to greater progress in increasing coverage, as long as the national target does not require countries to more than triple their current rate of change. Changes in national standards of safe water were shown to have occurred, where improved technology type was not used in national standards in 1994 but was present in 2011 and 2013. Comparison of national and international targets suggests that international targets may influence national targets, with approximately 70% of countries having national targets equal to, higher than, or converging towards international targets.
4 Cronk, R.; Brocklehurst, C.; Evans, B.; Rodriguez, L. G.; Lantagne, D.; Mcbroom-Fitterer, C.; Momanyi, E.; Nyarko, K.; Scharp, C. 2024. Missing in action: the UN water action agenda needs an overhauled commitment-setting process. PLOS Water, 3(7):e0000251. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000251]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052945)
https://journals.plos.org/water/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pwat.0000251&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052945.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052945.pdf
(0.24 MB) (248 KB)
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
