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1 Malano, H.; Arora, M.; Rathnayaka, K. 2014. Integrated water cycle modelling of the urban/peri-urban continuum. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.11-26. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)

Hydrological cycle ; Models ; Resource allocation ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Wastewater ; Water allocation ; Groundwater ; Urban areas ; Periurban areas ; Land use ; Urbanization ; Catchment areas ; Case studies / Australia / Melbourne / Western Sydney / South Creek Catchment

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047017)

The world is undergoing an intensive process of urbanisation. In 2008, for the first time in history, over half of the world’s population was living in urban and peri-urban areas. It is estimated that this number will increase to 5 billion by 2030 with most of this growth occurring on the edges of mega-cities. Smaller cities are also undergoing large transformations. Urbanisation can bring opportunities for people to improve their standard of living and access to education and other services but it can also bring and concentrate poverty in developing countries where most of this urban growth is occurring. Increased urbanisation presents planners and policy makers with many challenges, foremost among them, competition for land and water resources with other sectors such as agriculture. Critical to our capacity to develop a sound urban transformation policy is our ability to integrate science to support the formulation of sustainable planning strategies. Increasing competition for water in many regions of the world provides an impetus for increasing use of water saving and replacement techniques, such as water reuse and recycling and urban runoff harvest. This new paradigm requires an improved capability for integrated modelling approaches to analyse the whole-of-watercycle. Such an approach involves the integration of the various sub-systems— Catchment (surface-groundwater), water supply systems, wastewater, water allocation, internal recycling, decentralised treatment and storm water harvesting. Adding to this system complexity is the need to consider water quality as a constraining factor when using a fit-for-purpose approach to integrated urban water management (IUWM). This paper focuses on the challenges and opportunities involved in modelling the urban/peri-urban water cycle for planning of urban and peri-urban systems, including spatial and temporal scale and integration of hydrologic, water allocation with differential water quality across catchment and political divisions. Case studies are used to illustrate the use of integrated water modelling to inform a scenario planning approach to integrated water resource management in an urban/peri-urban context. In this analysis, two main constraints to effective modelling are identified—Lack of model integration and lack of data in the appropriate time and spatial scale often stemming from the lack of a robust data monitoring program of the entire water cycle. A framework for integration of water system modelling with economic modelling is presented.

2 Arora, M.; Yeow, L. W.; Cheah, L.; Derrible, S. 2022. Assessing water circularity in cities: methodological framework with a case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 178:106042. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106042]

Water management ; Circular economy ; Urban areas ; Towns ; Water metabolism ; Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Infrastructure ; Water policies ; Frameworks ; Water demand ; Water quality ; Industrial water use ; Water flow ; Indicators ; Anthropogenic factors ; Case studies / Singapore

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050868)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344921006509/pdfft?md5=b57146cb10184ac126e74224496d794b&pid=1-s2.0-S0921344921006509-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050868.pdf

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With significant efforts made to consider water reuse in cities, a robust and replicable framework is needed to quantify the degree of urban water circularity and its impacts from a systems perspective. A quantitative urban water circularity framework can benchmark the progress and compare the impacts of water circularity policies across cities. In that pursuit, we bring together concepts of resource circularity and material flow analysis (MFA) to develop a demand- and discharge-driven water circularity assessment framework for cities. The framework integrates anthropogenic water flow data based on the water demand in an urban system and treated wastewater discharge for primary water demand substitution. Leveraging the water mass balance, we apply the framework in evaluating the state of water circularity in Singapore from 2015 to 2019. Overall, water circularity has been steadily increasing, with 24.9% of total water demand fulfilled by secondary flows in 2019, potentially reaching 39.6% at maximum water recycling capacity. Finally, we discuss the wider implications of water circularity assessments for energy, the environment, and urban water infrastructure and policy. Overall, this study provides a quantitative tool to assess the scale of water circularity within engineered urban water infrastructure and its application to develop macro-level water systems planning and policy insights.