Your search found 13 records
1 Lemenih, Mulugeta; Kassa, H.; Kassie, G. T.; Abebaw, D.; Teka, W. 2012. Resettlement and woodland management problems and options: a case study from north-western Ethiopia. Land Degradation and Development, 14p. (Online first). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2136]
Woodlands ; Deforestation ; Land use ; Environmental degradation ; Resettlement ; Livestock ; Farmland ; Crops ; Institutions / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045063)
(0.36 MB)
Deforestation in African dry forests is widespread and its drivers are complex and vary in space and time. In this paper, we assessed impacts of immigration on dry forests and options for improved management in a resettlement district in north-western Ethiopia. Key informants interviews, focus group discussions and household questionnaire survey were used to collect data. The results indicated that forests of the district are degrading in spatial coverage and quality. The most important drivers were land use change, excessive wood harvest, grazing pressure and forest fire following immigration. The continuous influx of people with different origins, cultures, religions and lengths of residence in the district underscores absence of social bonds for collective action to regulate access. This, coupled with weak formal regulatory system, market forces and policy incentives for farming, resulted in a near open access situation. Our findings confirm the negative relationships between migration and environment not necessarily because of the mere population number added through immigration but because of lack of regulatory frameworks (formal or informal) and poor social capital. Enforcing existing policy of farm size and putting institutional framework on the ground to regulate rate of immigration, extraction of forest products and to encourage tree planting to meet wood demand are suggested measures. We conclude that Government programmes that opt for resettlement as a measure for poverty alleviation must also have mitigating measures to reducing negative impacts on the natural resource base. Thus, the trade-off between environment and development must be carefully managed.
2 McCartney, Matthew; Cai, Xueliang; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2013. Evaluating the flow regulating functions of natural ecosystems in the Zambezi River Basin. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 51p. (IWMI Research Report 148) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2013.206]
River basins ; Ecosystems ; Flow control ; Forests ; Vegetation ; Woodlands ; Wetlands ; Floodplains ; Rain ; Runoff ; Hydrological cycle ; Evaporation ; Time series analysis / Africa / Zambezi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H045844)
(2.82MB)
By affecting evapotranspiration and influencing how water is routed and stored in a basin, forests, wetlands and floodplains play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle. Although they are widely attributed a major role in regulating flows (i.e., both attenuating floods and maintaining flow during dry periods), these services are rarely factored into the planning and management of water resources. One reason for the failure to include them is lack of understanding. Very often the extent to which natural regulating functions really occur is unclear. Against this background, this report describes a simple, pragmatic approach for quantifying the flow regulating functions of natural ecosystems. The method has been applied at 14 locations in the Zambezi River Basin.
3 Ward, R. C. 1967. Principles of hydrology. 2nd ed. Boston, UK: McGraw-Hill. 367p.
Hydrological cycle ; Precipitation ; Storms ; Rainfall patterns ; Snow ; Interception ; Vegetation ; Woodlands ; Grasses ; Crops ; Water balance ; Water quality ; Evaporation ; Meteorological factors ; Radiation ; Temperature ; Humidity ; Winds ; Soil moisture ; Evapotranspiration ; Infiltration water ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Groundwater ; Groundwater recharge ; Flow discharge ; Chemical composition ; Runoff ; Drainage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.48 G000 WAR Record No: H045969)
(0.58 MB)
4 Steele, J. G. 1967. Soil survey interpretation and its use. Rome, Italy: FAO. 68p. (FAO Soils Bulletin 8)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333 G000 STE Record No: H046168)
(16.74 MB) (16.7MB)
5 Gumindoga, W.; Rientjes, T.; Shekede, M. D.; Rwasoka, D. T.; Nhapi, I.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru. 2014. Hydrological impacts of urbanization of two catchments in Harare, Zimbabwe. Remote Sensing, 6(12):12544-12574. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61212544]
Hydrological factors ; Urbanization ; Impact assessment ; Catchment areas ; Water management ; Water resources ; Water table ; Land cover change ; Remote sensing ; Satellite imagery ; Rain ; Runoff ; Models ; Woodlands ; Deforestation ; Stream flow ; Soils ; Infiltration / Zimbabwe / Harare / Mukuvisi Catchment / Marimba Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046874)
(9.22 MB)
By increased rural-urban migration in many African countries, the assessment of changes in catchment hydrologic responses due to urbanization is critical for water resource planning and management. This paper assesses hydrological impacts of urbanization on two medium-sized Zimbabwean catchments (Mukuvisi and Marimba) for which changes in land cover by urbanization were determined through Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images for the years 1986, 1994 and 2008. Impact assessments were done through hydrological modeling by a topographically driven rainfall-runoff model (TOPMODEL). A satellite remote sensing based ASTER 30 metre Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to compute the Topographic Index distribution, which is a key input to the model. Results of land cover classification indicated that urban areas increased by more than 600 % in the Mukuvisi catchment and by more than 200 % in the Marimba catchment between 1986 and 2008. Woodlands decreased by more than 40% with a greater decrease in Marimba than Mukuvisi catchment. Simulations using TOPMODEL in Marimba and Mukuvisi catchments indicated streamflow increases of 84.8 % and 73.6 %, respectively, from 1980 to 2010. These increases coincided with decreases in woodlands and increases in urban areas for the same period. The use of satellite remote sensing data to observe urbanization trends in semi-arid catchments and to represent catchment land surface characteristics proved to be effective for rainfall-runoff modeling. Findings of this study are of relevance for many African cities, which are experiencing rapid urbanization but often lack planning and design.
6 Mekuria, Wolde; Barron, Jennie; Dessalegn, Mengistu; Adimassu, Zenebe; Amare, T.; Wondie, M. 2017. Exclosures for ecosystem restoration and economic benefits in Ethiopia: a catalogue of management options. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 28p. (WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 4) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2017.204]
Research and development ; Learning ; Capacity building ; Ecosystems ; Economic situation ; Stakeholders ; Smallholders ; Livestock production ; Milk production ; Woodlands ; Habitats ; Renewable energy ; Energy sources ; Natural resources management ; Gender ; Women ; Youth ; Guidelines ; Governance ; State intervention ; Local communities ; Community involvement ; Land use ; Land management ; Land degradation ; Living standards ; Income ; Fodder plants ; Soil conservation ; Water conservation ; Watershed management ; Management techniques ; Sustainability ; Risk reduction ; Private sector ; Public sector / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048081)
(3 MB)
7 Tadesse, L.; Suryabhagavan, K. V.; Sridhar, G.; Legesse, G. 2017. Land use and land cover changes and soil erosion in Yezat Watershed, North western Ethiopia. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5(2):85-94. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.05.004]
Land use ; Land cover change ; Watersheds ; Soil erosion models ; GIS ; Remote sensing ; Satellite imagery ; Landsat ; Vegetation ; Grasslands ; Farmland ; Woodlands ; Shrubs ; Biomass ; Spatial distribution / Ethiopia / Yezat Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048161)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633916301393/pdfft?md5=db1a36ec40258ace455dc8bd1f7f2b25&pid=1-s2.0-S2095633916301393-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048161.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048161.pdf
(4.19 MB) (4.19 MB)
Soil erosion affects land qualities and water resources. This problem is severe in Ethiopia due to its topographic features. The present research was aimed to estimate spatiotemporal changes in land-use/land-cover pattern and soil erosion in the Yezat watershed in Ethiopia. This study was carried out by using landsat imageries of 2001, 2010 and 2015. Images were classified into categories using supervised classification by maximum likelihood algorithm. They were also classified into different biomass levels by using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation modeling was applied in a GIS environment to quantify the potential soil erosion risk. The area under grassland, woodland and homesteads have increased by 610.69 (4%), 101.69 (0.67%) and 126.6 ha (0.83%) during 2001–2015. The extent of cultivated land and shrub/bushland was reduced by 323.43(0.02%) and 515.44 ha (3.41%), respectively, during the same period. The vegetation cover in the watershed decreased by 91% during 2001–2010, and increased by 88% during 2010–2015. Increase of NDVI values indicates better ground cover due to implementation of integrated watershed development program in the region. The estimated annual soil losses were 7.2 t ha-1 yr-1 in 2001, 7.7 t ha-1 yr-1 in 2010 and 4.8 t ha-1 yr-1 in 2015. Management interventions are necessary to improve the status and utilization of watershed resources in response to sustainable land management practices for sustainable livelihood of the local people.
8 Mul, Marloes; Pettinotti, L.; Amonoo, Naana Adwoa; Bekoe-Obeng, E.; Obuobie, E. 2017. Dependence of riparian communities on ecosystem services in northern Ghana. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 43p. (IWMI Working Paper 179) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2018.201]
Ecosystem services ; Riparian zones ; Communities ; Participatory rural appraisal ; Socioeconomic environment ; Living standards ; Mapping ; Seasonality ; Natural resources ; Infrastructure ; Forest reserves ; Shrubs ; Woodlands ; Water storage ; Ponds ; Dams ; River basins ; Stream flow ; Floodplains ; Household consumption ; Domestic consumption ; Gender ; Climate change ; Rain ; Dry season ; Food security ; Income ; Agriculture / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048466)
(1 MB)
This study investigated the dependence of three riparian communities on ecosystem services in northern Ghana. Participatory mapping and ranking exercises in gender-segregated groups were used to elicit information on the communities’ livelihoods. The most important ecosystem-based activities (EBA) are farming, fishing, livestock watering and grazing, collection of wild fruits and vegetables, and provision of water for domestic use. The major EBA are dependent on the seasonal flows of the White Volta River, which are under pressure due to climatic and other anthropogenic changes. For example, observed delays in the start of the rainy season are affecting rainfed agricultural activities on the floodplains. Delayed planting on the floodplains results in damage to, or loss of, crops as floods arrive before the harvest. Moreover, the Bagré Dam in Burkina Faso, built upstream of the communities, has impacted the natural river flow. The planned Pwalugu Dam may, depending on the final operations, support or affect EBA. We, therefore, recommend that operations of the Pwalugu Dam should take into consideration the flow requirements of EBA downstream of the dam.
9 Ashagre, B. B.; Platts, P. J.; Njana, M.; Burgess, N. D.; Balmford, A.; Turner, R. K.; Schaafsma, M. 2018. Integrated modelling for economic valuation of the role of forests and woodlands in drinking water provision to two African cities. Ecosystem Services, 32(Part A):50-61. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.05.004]
Drinking water ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Urban areas ; Forests ; Woodlands ; Economic value ; Water costs ; Water users ; Ecosystem services ; Land use ; Erosion ; Hydrology ; Models ; Reservoirs ; Sediment ; Case studies / Africa / Tanzania / Dar es Salaam / Morogoro / Ruvu River / Mindu Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048833)
(1.86 MB)
Rapidly growing economies often have high population growth, resulting in agricultural expansion in rural areas and increased water demand in urban areas. Conversion of forests and woodlands to agriculture may threaten safe and reliable water supply in cities. This study assesses the regulating functions and economic values of forests and woodlands in meeting the water needs of two major cities in Tanzania and proposes an integrated modelling approach with a scenario-based analysis to estimate costs of water supply avoided by forest conservation. We use the process-based hydrological Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the role of woody habitats in the regulation of hydrological flow and sediment control. We find that the forests and woodlands play a significant role in regulating sediment load in rivers and reducing peak flows, with implications for the water supply from the Ruvu River to Dar es Salaam and Morogoro. A cost-based value assessment under water treatment works conditions up to 2016 suggests that water supply failure due to deforestation would cost Dar es Salaam USD 4.6–17.6 million per year and Morogoro USD 308 thousand per year. Stronger enforcement of forest and woodland protection in Tanzania must balance water policy objectives and food security.
10 Karg, H. 2018. Forestry. In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.34-35.
Urban forestry ; Forest reserves ; Street trees ; Fruit trees ; Woodlands / West Africa / Ghana / Tamale / Nyohini Forest Reserve / Agric Forest Reserve
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049020)
(560 KB)
11 Maund, P. R.; Irvine, K. N.; Dallimer, M.; Fish, R.; Austen, G. E.; Davies, Z. G. 2020. Do ecosystem service frameworks represent people’s values?. Ecosystem Services, 46:101221. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101221]
Ecosystem services ; Frameworks ; Cultural values ; Social aspects ; Woodlands ; Natural capital ; Decision making ; Gender ; Ethnic groups ; Natural environment ; Biodiversity ; Models / United Kingdom
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050108)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041620301637/pdfft?md5=cd89702671e2cfc0fa0912e25a5366a3&pid=1-s2.0-S2212041620301637-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050108.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050108.pdf
(1.99 MB) (1.99 MB)
Since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was published, a plethora of ecosystem service frameworks have been developed to conceptualise the links between the natural environment and society. The intended geographic scales of application, the policy/practice context, and the scientific disciplines involved have driven variations in how the frameworks are constructed. However, the frameworks are homogenous in that they have been created predominately based on expert opinions and views of how ecosystem services are structured. Here, we use the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) to examine the extent to which frameworks capture people’s values for British woodlands. Our findings reveal several disparities between how experts and the public conceptualise ecosystem services. The considerable refinement and specificity provided by CICES does not align with public values (e.g. some provisioning, and regulation and maintenance, services), which tend to be more generalised. We also demonstrate differences in values explained by social characteristics (e.g. ethnicity) that need to be accounted for in decision-making processes. Moving forwards, we need to consider how society views the services derived from nature and reflect this in frameworks to ensure ecosystem service approaches are effective, transparent and widely supported.
12 Chandrasekharan, Kiran M.; Villholth, Karen G.; Kashaigili, J. J.; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Mandela, P. J. 2023. Land cover changes in the Upper Great Ruaha (Tanzania) and the Upper Awash (Ethiopia) river basins and their potential implications for groundwater resources. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 49p. (IWMI Research Report 184) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.212]
Land cover change ; River basins ; Groundwater ; Water resources ; Land cover mapping ; Land use change ; Human settlements ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigated areas variety ; Grasslands ; Woodlands ; Forest plantations ; Wetlands ; Catchment areas ; Vegetation index ; Moisture index ; Remote sensing ; Landsat ; Satellite imagery ; Datasets ; Algorithms ; Trends ; Climate change ; Urbanization / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Ethiopia / Upper Great Ruaha River Basin / Upper Awash River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H052252)
(3.58 MB)
Over the past century, the world has experienced an unprecedented surge in population growth, accompanied by a significant increase in economic activity and fuelled by an intensive utilization of natural resources, including water. This phenomenon has brought about profound alterations in land cover and land use patterns across various regions. Knowledge of land use changes is key to unlocking an understanding of water use changes and associated impacts on water resources, and potential threats to sustainability. However, the pace and nature of land use transitions vary widely across the globe, shaped by a complex interplay of local, regional and global factors, making systematic assessments important. This report presents the results of a land cover change analysis conducted in two river basins in sub-Saharan Africa: the Upper Great Ruaha River Basin (UGRRB) in Tanzania and the Upper Awash River Basin (UARB) in Ethiopia. The spatio-temporal analysis spans a recent 15-20-year period up until 2015/16 and utilizes remote sensing imagery, secondary maps and ground truth information for the two end point times (resolution: 30 m). The basins are significantly different in terms of agricultural development and water resource use. UARB represents an area with emerging commercial farms, urban expansion and diminishing natural vegetation, whereas UGRRB still retains significant natural vegetation but is experiencing an increase in smallholder agriculture as well as intensive commercial irrigation potentially affecting fragile wetland systems. In UGRRB, surface water is the main source of irrigation water, while in UARB, groundwater resources are increasingly used for irrigation by smallholder farmers. The findings reveal a common overall trend in both basins that is similar to many low-income countries, illustrating an expansion of agricultural and irrigated areas and human settlements at the expense of natural land cover. The report presents a detailed systematic remote sensing-based methodology to quantify and compare land cover transitions in time and space with high resolution, within and between agricultural landscapes of larger basins. The study highlights that land cover changes in the basins follow diverse and unique trajectories, providing critical insights into evolving land use patterns. In its conclusion, the study underscores the profound implications of recent land use changes for groundwater resources within these agro-pastoral systems. Overall, the report highlights the importance of sustainable land management and integrated water resources management, and provides valuable insights into the complexities of land use change in these regions.
13 Tullu, K. T. 2024. Assessment of soil erosion response to climate change in the Sululta Catchment, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia. H2Open Journal, 7(1):23-37. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.083]
Climate change ; Climate models ; Erosion ; Soil loss ; Assessment ; Geographical information systems ; Rainfall ; Runoff ; Land use ; Precipitation ; Farmland ; Grasslands ; Woodlands / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Abbay Basin / Sululta Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052621)
https://iwaponline.com/h2open/article-pdf/7/1/23/1363084/h2oj0070023.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052621.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052621.pdf
(1.10 MB) (1.10 MB)
This study aimed to assess the response of soil erosion to climate change in the Sululta catchment using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) integrated with the geographic information system (GIS). The current rainfall erosivity factor (R) was computed from the current rainfall data (1989–2018). Regional climate models (RCMs) under representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 were used for future rainfall projection (2021–2080) to determine projected rainfall R factor. Rainfall data, soil map, digital elevation model and land use/land cover data were used to evaluate RUSLE factors in the ArcGIS environment. The results of this study showed that the current average annual soil loss rate was found to be 5.03 tons/ha/year. The average annual soil loss may decrease by 2.78 and 0.80% in 2021–2050 and 2051–2080, respectively, under the RCP4.5 scenario compared to the current average annual soil loss. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the average annual soil loss may increase by 7.75 and 2.98% in 2021–2050 and 2051–2080, respectively, from the current average annual soil loss. The result reveals that the average annual soil loss decreases in both time periods under RCP4.5 and increases in both time periods under RCP8.5.
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