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1 Liebrand, J.. 2014. Masculinities among irrigation engineers and water professionals in Nepal. [PhD thesis]. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University. 506p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: D 333.913 G726 LIE Record No: H046866)
(10.88 MB) (10.8 MB)
2 de Bont, C.; Liebrand, J.; Veldwisch, G. J.; Woodhouse, P. 2019. Modernisation and African farmer-led irrigation development: ideology, policies and practices. Water Alternatives, 12(1):107-128. (Special issue: Farmer-led Irrigation Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Investment, Policy Engagements and Agrarian Transformation).
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049113)
(1.06 MB) (1.06 MB)
In both Mozambique and Tanzania, farmer-led development of irrigation is widespread, yet it is little recognised in irrigation policies and is under-supported by the government. This paper explores how this situation is exacerbated by modernisation ideas in irrigation policy and professional thinking. By means of a historical review, we trace modernisation thinking in irrigation development from the colonial period onwards, and analyse how this thinking continues to play out in contemporary irrigation policies in both countries. We then examine the relationship between modernisation thinking and practices of farmer-led irrigation development, drawing on policy documents, field studies, and interviews in both countries. Based on this analysis, we argue that the nature of farmer-led development of irrigation is consistent with many of the goals identified by state agricultural modernisation programmes, but not with the means by which government and state policies envisage their achievement. As a consequence, policies and state officials tend to screen out farmers’ irrigation initiatives as not relevant to development until they are brought within state-sanctioned processes of technical design and administration.
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