Your search found 24 records
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041875)
(0.20 MB)
2 Loeffen, M.; Ndjeunga, J. 2008. Uptake of soil and water conservation technologies in West Africa: a case study of the Office de la Haute Vallee du Niger (OHVN) in Mali. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). 52p. (ICRISAT Socioeconomics and Policy Working Paper Series 25)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631 G635 LOE Record No: H034795)
(0.39 MB)
3 Matchaya, Greenwell; Chilonda, Pius. 2012. Estimating effects of constraints on food security in Malawi: policy lessons from regressions quantiles. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 12(2):165-191.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045551)
(0.20 MB)
This paper examines food insecurity in Malawi. Conceiving food security as tridimensional, it is shown using Quantile, logistic, and OLS regressions that food security in Malawi is a function of both supply and demand factors. Specifically, food security as proxied by dietary diversity, reported food security, and food end time is a function of farm level production as proxied by farm level incomes. It is also a function of credit accessed, age and sex of a household head, while access to the markets, extension information, radio ownership, assets such as housing and adoption of a cash crop (tobacco). Education and consumer worker ratio are also important signifying the role that knowledge and labour play in deciding household level food security. The results also show that the impact of the regressors on food security depends on the level of food security in question such that in general factors with a positive effect on food security have a greater impact on food insecure households than on households that are better off. Given the preponderance of evidence in this paper it appears that policies that seek to enhance market access, improve market opportunities, enhance extension services, enhance informal education, encourage cash cropping, and support household level consolidation of assets would be useful for enhancing household level food security.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045592)
(0.18 MB)
5 Hanjra, Munir A.; Zafar, M. I.; Batool, Z.; Nawaz, N.; Maann, A. A.; Ayalew, Z.; Alemu, B. A. 2013. Gender mainstreaming for food security and poverty reduction programs in Asia and Africa. In Hanjra, Munir A. (Ed.). Global food security: emerging issues and economic implications. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers. pp.245-272. (Global Agriculture Developments)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046154)
(9.07 MB)
Gender is a socially constructed concept. It refers to the social, behavioral, and cultural norms, attributes, and expectations associated with being a woman or a man. Gender equality refers to how these aspects determine how women and men interact with each other and to the resulting differences in economic opportunities, endowments, agency and overall wellbeing outcomes for men and women. Gender mainstreaming refers to making general policies gender-smart - at various level of governance - to target the gender differentiated impacts and outcomes and implementing public policies and international development cooperation in a more strategic way that also improves gender equality and makes policies more effective in closing the key gender gaps even if their objectives has nothing to do with gender. Gender equality ranks high on the global development agenda and evidence-based gender targeting is emerging as a key criteria in international development assistance programs such as those for enhancing food security and reducing poverty and the broader development goals such as those set by the MDGs to 2015 and beyond. This chapter presents evidence on gender equality issues to highlight the key gender gaps such as assets, education, health, land, labor and commodity markets, and participation into decision making through six case examples from Asia and Africa. The case examples from Asia come from Pakistan and India, while the case examples from Africa are from Ethiopia and Zimbabwe. These case examples illustrate that gender gaps are huge and targeted interventions and gender mainstreaming can enhance economic opportunity, endowments, and agency of women. What is needed is the political will along with more funding, better data on gender, evidence, and global partnerships.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 630.92 G000 QUI Record No: H046792)
(0.34 MB)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.19 G000 DIA Record No: H047365)
(3.23 MB) (3.23 MB)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047560)
(0.59 MB)
This paper analyses key contributors to sustainable livelihoods in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), Cambodia, by focusing upon villagers’ access to assets, adaptation to shock and stress, and their degree of resilience to declines in natural resources. The study reveals that their access to the five assets for sustainable livelihoods is limited; that their capacity to adapt to shock and stress is low due to floods, drought and high food prices; and that their resilience to declines in natural resources is weak. Improvement in their capacity to adapt and in their resilience will be influenced by the degree to which they can access human, physical and social assets.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047755)
(7.12 MB)
Reliable data on economic livelihoods remain scarce in the developing world, hampering efforts to study these outcomes and to design policies that improve them. Here we demonstrate an accurate, inexpensive, and scalable method for estimating consumption expenditure and asset wealth from high-resolution satellite imagery. Using survey and satellite data from five African countries—Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, and Rwanda—we show how a convolutional neural network can be trained to identify image features that can explain up to 75% of the variation in local-level economic outcomes. Our method, which requires only publicly available data, could transform efforts to track and target poverty in developing countries. It also demonstrates how powerful machine learning techniques can be applied in a setting with limited training data, suggesting broad potential application across many scientific domains.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048059)
(4.44 MB) (4.44 MB)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048226)
(2.09 MB)
Investments in the physical infrastructure, human capital, and institutions needed for water resources management have been noteworthy in the development of most civilizations. These investments affect the economy in two distinct ways: (i) by improving the factor productivity of water in multiple economic sectors, especially those that are water intensive such as agriculture and energy and (ii) by reducing acute and chronic harmful effects of water-related hazards like floods, droughts, and water-related diseases. The need for capital investment to mitigate risks and promote economic growth is widely acknowledged, but prior conceptual work on the relationship between water-related investments and economic growth has focused on the productive and harmful roles of water in the economy independently. Here the two influences are combined using a simple, dynamical systems model of water-related investment, risk, and growth. In cases where initial water security is low, initial investment in water-related assets enables growth. Without such investment, losses due to water-related hazards exert a drag on economic growth and may create a poverty trap. The presence and location of the poverty trap is context-specific and depends on the exposure of productive water-related assets to water-related risk. Exogenous changes in water-related risk can potentially push an economy away from a growth path toward a poverty trap. Our investigation shows that an inverted-U-shaped investment relation between the level of investment in water security and the current level of water security leads to faster rates of growth than the alternatives that we consider here, and that this relation is responsible for the "S"-curve that is posited in the literature. These results illustrate the importance of accounting for environmental and health risks in economic models and offer insights for the design of robust policies for investment in water-related productive assets to manage risk, in the face of environmental change.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048506)
(1.31 MB)
Despite having access to irrigation water, many smallholder irrigation farmers in rural South Africa remain subsistence-oriented, with little market participation. Their tangible and intangible assets influence production and market access. Largely qualitative data collected in rural Limpopo Province show that the farmers’ tangible assets supported production but in some instances restricted them from producing efficiently. Likewise, their intangible assets mostly limited their capacity to produce efficiently, to find markets or to organize themselves. These farmers’ tangible assets need to be upgraded and their intangible assets need strengthening to increase production capacity and marketing efficiency.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049238)
(1.15 MB) (1.15 MB)
This paper develops a conceptual framework with an indicator-based approach to assess Climate-Smart Villages (CSVs) and applies it to case study sites in Lao PDR (Ekxang CSV), Cambodia (Rohal Suong CSV), and Vietnam (Tra Hat CSV) in Southeast Asia. The intensification, extensification, diversification, commercialization, alteration of practices, use of common lands, migration strategies that can augment climate resilience, farm income, assets, and food security are assessed based on a composite index of the strategies and key outcome variables. The study demonstrates a method that can be applied widely for assessing climate-smart agriculture strategies and finding possible entry points for climate-smart interventions. The influence of gender in resource control and livelihood strategies is also discussed. It is also evident that the climate-smart interventions can augment different livelihood strategies of farmers and enhance the developmental and climate resilience outcomes. There is a need to prioritize the possible interventions in each case and implement them with the help of donor agencies, local institutions, and government offices.
14 Kafle, K.; Krah, K.; Songsermsawas, T. 2018. High Value Agriculture Project in Hill and Mountain Areas (HVAP): impact assessment report. Federal democratic republic of Nepal. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 64p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049285)
(1.83 MB) (1.83 MB)
15 Verma, Shilp; Shah, Tushaar. 2018. Beyond digging and filling holes: maximizing the net positive impact of MGNREGA [Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]. In Bhattarai, M.; Viswanathan, P. K.; Mishra, R. N.; Bantilan, C. (Eds.). Employment guarantee programme and dynamics of rural transformation in India: challenges and opportunities. Singapore: Springer. pp.103-130. (India Studies in Business and Economics) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6262-9_4]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049507)
(6.23 MB)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049875)
(17.10 MB) (17.1 MB)
Built water infrastructure impacts the balance of services provided by a river and its flow regime. Impacts on both commercial and subsistence activities should be considered in water management decision-making. Various methods used to define mandatory minimum environmental releases do not account for the inherent and often complex trade-offs and synergies which must be considered in selecting a balance of ecosystem and engineered services. This paper demonstrates the value and use of optimised many-objective trade-off analysis for managing resource-systems providing diverse and sometimes competing services. Using Kenya’s Tana River basin as a demonstration it shows controlled releases from multi-reservoir systems can be optimised using multiple performance metrics, representing individual provisioning ecosystem and engineered services at different locations and relating to different time periods. This enables better understanding the interactions between natural and built assets, and selecting river basin interventions that appropriately trade-off their services. Our demonstration shows prioritising Kenya’s statutory minimum environmental ‘reserve’ flows degrades flood-related provisioning services. Low overall flow regime alteration correlates negatively with consistency of hydropower generation, but positively with other provisioning services.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050494)
(1.89 MB) (1.89 MB)
Value chain for development (VCD) has increasingly been promoted for poverty reduction; yet, there is inadequate evidence on its effectiveness. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this article offers reasons why evidence on VCD impacts on poverty reduction is uncertain. It also suggests a conceptual framework for the poor-centred value chain for sustainable development to guide a better analysis of VCD participation and poverty impacts. The framework is particularly useful for researchers involved in research for development related projects in the VCD space. As it provides an analytical lens to understand the broader contextual situation of the poor, co-design solutions with multi-stakeholders and implement appropriate “fit-toneeds” strategies that ensure the poor benefits from their VCD participation. The article contributes to the existing VCD discourse by reflecting on the multidimensional nature and dynamism of poverty reduction, the poor's heterogeneity and their value chain readiness and VCD impacts on poverty.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050546)
(3.69 MB) (3.69 MB)
In recent years, farmer-led irrigation development has gained the interest of development partners and governments in the Global South following its success in enhancing agricultural production and livelihoods in South Asia. However, little is known about the socio-economic situation of farmers who receive public support for its expansion. Considering its rapid expansion in sub-Saharan Africa, we take the case of Ethiopia and explore the relationship between irrigation suitability and farmers’ socio-economic status. We find that high-value crop producers and wealthier farmers are most likely to make private investments and also benefit from public support in farmer-led irrigation expansion if investments are directed to land areas highly suitable for irrigation. Cultivation of high-value crops (fruit, vegetables) was common in areas more suitable for irrigation but staple crop cultivation (cereals, legumes) was negatively associated with irrigation suitability. Wealth status (consumption expenditure, asset index, and land size) was also positively correlated with irrigation suitability. A 10 per cent increase in groundwater irrigation suitability score was associated with a 2 per cent increase in per-capita consumption expenditure. Results imply that policies aiming to facilitate farmer-led irrigation development should combine biophysical information on land and water suitability for irrigation with household socio-economic characteristics and existing agricultural systems.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051153)
(4.76 MB)
Existing studies on socio-economic differentiation in Vietnam focus on the inequality between the ethnic majority and minorities while neglecting the disparities among ethnic minorities. Using a framework to analyse marginalisation at different scales, we identified through an extensive literature review the diverse ways in which ethnic groups develop strategies to transform or maintain their marginality. These strategies depend on, at the same time influence, inequalities that manifest in processes of social differentiations and power relations. Elucidating these processes of inequalities enables us to promote livelihood opportunities that support the diverse development pathways of different ethnic groups, thus increasing the relevance of development interventions.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 LEF, e-copy SF Record No: H051124)
(0.73 MB)
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