Your search found 35 records
1 Dooley, J. F. 2005. An inventory and comparison of globally consistent geospatial databases and libraries. Rome, Italy: FAO. 177p. (FAO Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 19)
GIS ; Spatial database ; Databases ; Libraries ; Surveys ; Terminology ; Statistical data ; Data analysis ; Poverty ; Food insecurity ; Mapping ; Transport ; Mathematical models ; Geology ; Geomorphology ; Hydrogeology ; Soils ; Hydrology ; Drainage ; Watersheds ; Satellite imagery ; Land cover ; Vegetation ; Climatic data ; Agroecology ; Assessment ; Agricultural production
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 910.285 G000 DOO Record No: H044234)
This report presents an inventory of global data sources which can be used to provide consistent geospatial baselines for core framework data layers in the support of generalized base mapping, emergency preparedness and response, food security and poverty mapping. In the report, only globally consistent data sources at the scales of 1:5 million or larger for vector data and a nominal pixel size of 5 arc minutes or higher resolution for raster data, were considered. The sources of data presented in the inventory were identified based on a review of on-line Internet resources conducted in the first quarter of 2004 and updated in January 2005.The inventory is divided into two parts: with Part One of the inventory presenting overview, terminology and summary sections of globally consistent data libraries; while Part Two contains a categorization of the data sources identified broken into topical subsections based on the individual core data layers specified by UNGIWG and FAO. The report also includes a matrix rating the suitability of the various data sources identified to each of the core data layers specified by UGIWIG and FAO, and introduces Virtual Base Maps as a potential cost-effective means for: providing spatial referencing to remote field offices, enhancing Internet map serving capabilities, and facilitating mapping via GPS handheld devices.
2 Bleiweiss, M. P.; Bawazir, A. S. 2011. Climate data for hydrological and agronomic modelling. In Shukla, M. K. (Ed.) Soil hydrology, land use and agriculture: measurement and modelling. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.329-349.
Climatic data ; Hydrology ; Agronomy ; Models ; Meteorological stations ; Water resources ; Watersheds ; Flow discharge / Mexico
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H045787)
3 Arshad, M.; Ahmad, R. N.; Hanjra, M. A. 2012. Modeling crop water requirement in the Upper Indus Basin of Pakistan for enhancing food security. In Gorawala, P.; Mandhatri, S. (Eds.). Agricultural Research Updates. Vol.4. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers. pp.181-194.
Water resources ; Land resources ; Crops ; Cropping systems ; Water requirements ; Water scarcity ; River Basins ; Developing countries ; Food security ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation systems ; Models ; Climatic data / Pakistan / Upper Indus Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046054)
(0.33 MB)
Agricultural irrigation in the developing countries utilizes a huge quantity of diverted water. The scarcity of water is negatively linked to food security. Irrigation has been vital to food security and sustainable livelihoods, especially in the developing countries. The plains of Indus Basin of Pakistan are well suited for agriculture and can be productive at the level of potential yields. For the purpose of meeting food requirements of increasing population, the quantification of crop water requirement is essential for ensuring efficient use of available water. The estimation of crop water requirement is also important for setting benchmarks in designing irrigation scheduling and acreage decisions. To estimate the irrigation water requirements in the upper Indus Basin, the agriculture zones of Punjab including rice-wheat, mixed crop and cotton-wheat zone were selected. To calculate the crop water requirements, CROPWAT model was used employing local climatic data of the respective zones. In the rice-wheat zone, wheat, being a major crop of winter (Rabi) season, demands highest amount of water during the month of March followed by April and February. During summer (Kharif) season, sugarcane and rice are the major crops of the area. The both being high delta crops require more water than the Rabi crops. The major crops of the mixed crop zone are wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane. The results indicate that the highest crop water requirement for Rabi season is in the month of April while the same is highest in July for the Kharif season. For the cotton-wheat zone, the major crops are wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane. Cotton being the main crop of the zone requires a major share of water followed by wheat, rice and sugarcane. The result show that highest crop water requirement of the area during winter is again in April while July is the month of highest crop water requirement during summer season. In general, the crop water requirements have a spike during the summer season irrespective of the cropping zone. This puts huge pressure on the irrigation system due to higher water scarcity during the summer season. We conclude that crop water requirement mainly depend on the type of crops and cropped area under each crop. This implies that, changing the crop-mix and switching to low water requiring and drought resistance crop varieties can reduce crop water requirements and optimize food production through more efficient allocation and use of available water resources and thus make a sterling contribution towards achieving food security in Pakistan.
4 Bharati, Luna; Gurung, Pabitra; Jayakody, P.; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Bhattarai, Utsav. 2014. The projected impact of climate change on water availability and development in the Koshi Basin, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 34(2):118-130. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-13-00096.1]
Climate change ; Water availability ; Water resources development ; Climatic data ; River basins ; Hydrology ; Precipitation ; Models ; Calibration ; Mountains ; Land use ; Soils ; Rain / Nepal / Koshi Basin / Himalayan Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046487)
http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-13-00096.1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046487.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046487.pdf
(19.36 MB) (19.3 MB)
Water has been identified as a key resource for Nepal's economic growth. Although the country has 225 billion cubic meters of water available annually, less than 7% has been utilized. Climate change is a frequent topic in national development discussions in part because of its possible impact on future water availability. This study assessed the likely impact of climate change on water resources development in the Koshi River basin, Nepal, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to generate projections for the 2030s and 2050s. Results suggested that the impacts are likely to be scale dependent. Little impact is projected at annual, full-basin scales; but at sub-basin scale, under both the IPCC's A2 and B1 scenarios, precipitation is projected to increase in the upper transmountain subwatersheds in the 2030s and in most of the basin in the 2050s and to decrease in the lower sub-basins in the 2030s. Water yield is projected to increase in most of the basin except for the A2 scenario for the 2030s. Flow volumes are projected to increase during the monsoon and postmonsoon but decrease during the winter and premonsoon seasons. The impacts of climate change are likely to be higher during certain seasons and in some sub-basins. Thus, if infrastructure is in place that makes it possible to store and transfer water as needed, the water deficit due to any changes in rainfall or flow patterns could be managed and would not be a constraint on water resources development. The risks associated with extreme events such as floods and droughts should, however, also be considered during planning.
5 Tahir, A. A.; Chevallier, P.; Arnaud, Y.; Ashraf, M.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif. 2015. Snow cover trend and hydrological characteristics of the Astore River basin (Western Himalayas) and its comparison to the Hunza basin (Karakoram region) Science of the Total Environment, 505:748-761. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.065]
Snow cover ; Glaciers ; Snowmelt ; Hydrological regime ; River basins ; Climatic data ; Meteorological stations ; Satellite observation ; Water resources ; Catchment areas / Pakistan / India / Western Himalayas / Karakoram Region / Indus River Basin / Astore River Basin / Hunza Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046709)
(4.13 MB)
A large proportion of Pakistan's irrigation water supply is taken from the Upper Indus River Basin (UIB) in the Himalaya–Karakoram–Hindukush range. More than half of the annual flow in the UIB is contributed by five of its snow and glacier-fed sub-basins including the Astore (Western Himalaya — south latitude of the UIB) and Hunza (Central Karakoram — north latitude of the UIB) River basins. Studying the snow cover, its spatiotemporal change and the hydrological response of these sub-basins is important so as to better managewater resources. This paper compares new data from the Astore River basin (mean catchment elevation, 4100 m above sea level; m asl afterwards), obtained using MODIS satellite snow cover images, with data from a previouslystudied high-altitude basin, the Hunza (mean catchment elevation, 4650 m asl). The hydrological regime of this sub-catchment was analyzed using the hydrological and climate data available at different altitudes from the basin area. The results suggest that the UIB is a region undergoing a stable or slightly increasing trend of snow cover in the southern (Western Himalayas) and northern (Central Karakoram) parts. Discharge from the UIB is a combination of snow and glacier melt with rainfall-runoff at southern part, but snow and glacier melt are dominant at the northern part of the catchment. Similar snow cover trends (stable or slightly increasing) but different river flow trends (increasing in Astore and decreasing in Hunza) suggest a sub-catchment level study of the UIB to understand thoroughly its hydrological behavior for better flood forecasting and water resources management.
6 Myanmar. Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development. Central Statistical Organization (CSO). 2012. Statistical yearbook 2011. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Central Statistical Organization (CSO). 549p.
Statistics ; Agricultural sector ; Livestock ; Fisheries ; Employment ; Education ; Rural areas ; Urban areas ; Population ; Health ; Malnutrition ; Manpower ; Gender ; Climatic data ; Forestry ; Industry ; Mining ; Electric power ; Building construction ; Trade statistics ; Foreign trade ; Domestic trade ; Foreign investment ; Tourism ; Transport ; Communication technology ; Mass media ; Public finance ; Household expenditure ; Delinquent behaviour / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 310 G590 MYA Record No: H046974)
(0.74 MB)
7 Samarakoon, J.; van Zon, H. (Eds.) 1991. Environmental profile of Muthurajawela and Negombo lagoon. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Greater Colombo Economic Commission (GCEC); Arnhem, Netherlands: Euroconsult. 173p.
Environmental protection ; Water management ; Hydrology ; Climatic data ; Drainage systems ; Swamps ; Natural resources ; Ecosystems ; Vegetation ; Aquatic plants ; Mangroves ; Marshes ; Lagoons ; Mammals ; Birds ; Reptiles ; Amphibians ; Fishes ; Invertebrates ; Geology ; Soils ; Socioeconomic environment ; Sustainable development ; Public health ; Infrastructure ; Industrialization ; Corporate culture ; Urbanization ; Land use ; Agricultural development ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Legal aspects / Sri Lanka / Negombo Lagoon / Muthurajawela
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H047341)
(0.27 MB)
8 Prasai, S. 2015. Water and climate data in the Ganges Basin: assessing access to information regimes and implications for cooperation on transboundary rivers. Water Alternatives, 8(2):20-35.
International waters ; River basins ; International cooperation ; Access to information ; Climatic data ; Hydrological data ; Water governance ; State intervention ; Legal aspects ; Institutions ; Political aspects ; Environmental effects / South Asia / India / Nepal / Bangladesh / Ganges Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047610)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol8/v8issue2/279-a8-2-2/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047610.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047610.pdf
(0.80 MB) (820 KB)
Public access to government-maintained water and climate data in the three major co-riparian countries of the Ganges Basin – Nepal, India and Bangladesh – has been either inadequately granted or formally restricted. This paper examines the effects of newly enacted Right to Information (RTI) laws in these three countries to assess changes in the information access regimes as they relate to hydrological data. We find that neither the RTI laws nor the internal and external demand for increased transparency in governments have affected access to information regimes on water at a fundamental level. In India, the RTI laws have not eased public access to data on its transboundary rivers including in the Ganges Basin and in Nepal and Bangladesh, while data can be legally accessed using RTI laws, the administrative procedures for such an access are not developed enough to make a tangible difference on the ground. We then discuss the implications of our findings on the continuing impasse on regional collaboration on water in South Asia and point to rapid advancements in technology as an emerging pathway to greater data democracy.
9 Moalafhi, D. B.; Sharma, A.; Evans, J. P. 2017. Reconstructing hydro-climatological data using dynamical downscaling of reanalysis products in data-sparse regions - application to the Limpopo Catchment in southern Africa. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 12:378-395. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.07.001]
Hydroclimatology ; Climatic data ; Models ; Simulation ; Meteorological observations ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Arid climate ; Catchment areas ; River basins / Southern Africa / Limpopo Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048295)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581817302537/pdfft?md5=b8200e131bda5cfd71db88e4288c6253&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581817302537-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048295.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048295.pdf
(2.28 MB) (2.28 MB)
This study is conducted over the data-poor Limpopo basin centered over southern Africa using reanalysis downscaled to useful resolution.
Reanalysis products are of limited value in hydrological applications due to the coarse spatial scales they are available at. Dynamical downscaling of these products over a domain of interest offers a means to convert them to finer spatial scales in a dynamically consistent manner. Additionally, this downscaling also offers a way to resolve dominantatmospheric processes, leading to improved accuracy in the atmospheric variables derived. This study thus evaluates high-resolution downscaling of an objectively chosen reanalysis (ERA-I) over the Limpopo basin using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) as a regional climate model.
The model generally under-estimates temperature and over-estimates precipitation over the basin, although reasonably consistent with observations. The model does well in simulating observed sustained hydrological extremes as assessed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) although it consistently under-estimates the severity ofmoisture deficit for the wettest part of the year during the dry years. The basin's aridity index (I) is above the severe drought threshold during summer and is more severe in autumn. This practically restricts rain-fed agriculture to around 3 months in a year over the basin. This study presents possible beneficial use of the downscaled simulations foroptimal hydrologic design and water resources planning in data scarce parts of the world.
Reanalysis products are of limited value in hydrological applications due to the coarse spatial scales they are available at. Dynamical downscaling of these products over a domain of interest offers a means to convert them to finer spatial scales in a dynamically consistent manner. Additionally, this downscaling also offers a way to resolve dominantatmospheric processes, leading to improved accuracy in the atmospheric variables derived. This study thus evaluates high-resolution downscaling of an objectively chosen reanalysis (ERA-I) over the Limpopo basin using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) as a regional climate model.
The model generally under-estimates temperature and over-estimates precipitation over the basin, although reasonably consistent with observations. The model does well in simulating observed sustained hydrological extremes as assessed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) although it consistently under-estimates the severity ofmoisture deficit for the wettest part of the year during the dry years. The basin's aridity index (I) is above the severe drought threshold during summer and is more severe in autumn. This practically restricts rain-fed agriculture to around 3 months in a year over the basin. This study presents possible beneficial use of the downscaled simulations foroptimal hydrologic design and water resources planning in data scarce parts of the world.
10 Asadi Zarch, M. A.; Sivakumar, B.; Malekinezhad, H.; Sharma, A. 2017. Future aridity under conditions of global climate change. Journal of Hydrology, 554:451-469. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.08.043]
Climate change ; Arid climate ; Forecasting ; Climatic data ; Models ; Precipitation ; Evapotranspiration ; Assessment ; Time series analysis ; Simulation ; Humid zones
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048417)
(9.97 MB)
Global climate change is anticipated to cause some major changes in hydroclimatic conditions around the world. As aridity is a reliable indicator of potential available water, assessment of its changes under future climatic conditions is important for proper management of water. This study employs the UNESCO aridity/humidity index, which is a derivative of precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET), for assessment of aridity. Historical (1901–2005) simulations and future (2006–2100) projections of 22 global climate models (GCMs) from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are studied. The Nested Bias Correction (NBC) approach is used to correct possible biases of precipitation (simulated directly by the GCMs) and PET (estimated by applying FAO56-Penman-Monteith model on simulated parameters of the GCMs). To detect future aridity changes, the areal extents of the aridity zones in the past and future periods as well as through four sub-periods (2006–2025, 2026–2050, 2051–2075, and 2076–2100) of the future are compared. The results indicate that changes in climate will alter the areal extents of aridity zones in the future. In general, from the first sub-period towards the last one, the area covered by hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid zones will increase (by 7.46%, 7.01%, 5.80%, and 2.78%, respectively), while the area of the humid regions will decrease (by 4.76%), suggesting that there will be less water over the global land area in the future. To understand the cause of these changes, precipitation and PET are also separately assumed to be stationary throughout the four future sub-periods and the resulting aridity changes are then analyzed. The results reveal that the aridity changes are mostly caused by the positive PET trends, even though the slight precipitation increase lessens the magnitude of the changes.
11 Adenle, A. A.; Ford, J. D.; Morton, J.; Twomlow, S.; Alverson, K.; Cattaneo, A.; Cervigni, R.; Kurukulasuriya, P.; Huq, S.; Helfgott, A.; Ebinger, J. O. 2017. Managing climate change risks in Africa - a global perspective. Ecological Economics, 141:190-201. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.004]
Climate change adaptation ; Risk management ; Financing ; Climatic data ; Policy ; Weather forecasting ; Capacity building ; Programmes ; Stakeholders ; State intervention ; International organizations ; Research institutions ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Models / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048470)
(0.51 MB)
Africa is projected to experience diverse and severe impacts of climate change. The need to adapt is increasingly recognized, from the community level to regional and national governments to the donor community, yet adaptation faces many constraints, particularly in low income settings. This study documents and examines the challenges facing adaptation in Africa, drawing upon semi-structured interviews (n = 337) with stakeholders including high-level stakeholders, continent-wide and across scales: in national government and UN agencies, academia, donors, non-governmental organizations, farmers and extension officers. Four key concerns about adaptation emerge: i) Climate data, scenarios and impacts models are insufficient for supporting adaptation, particularly as they relate to food systems and rural livelihoods; ii) The adaptation response to-date has been limited, fragmented, divorced from national planning processes, and with limited engagement with local expertise; iii) Adaptation policies and programs are too narrowly focused on explicit responses to climate change rather than responses to climate variability or broader development issues; and iv) Adaptation finance is insufficient, and procedures for accessing it present challenges to governments capacities. As a response to these concerns, we propose the 4-Cs framework which places adaptation for Africa at the center of climate projections, climate education, climate governance and climate finance, with corresponding responsibilities for government and non-government actors.
12 Bharati, Luna; Bhattarai, Utsav; Khadka, Ambika; Gurung, Pabitra; Neumann, L. E.; Penton, D. J.; Dhaubanjar, Sanita; Nepal, S. 2019. From the mountains to the plains: impact of climate change on water resources in the Koshi River Basin. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 49p. (IWMI Working Paper 187) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.205]
Climate change ; Climatic data ; Water resources ; Water balance ; Water yield ; Water availability ; Mountains ; Plains ; River basin management ; Soil analysis ; Soil water balance ; Calibration ; Spatial distribution ; Hydropower ; Precipitation ; Evapotranspiration ; Temperature ; Rainfall ; Monsoon climate ; Catchment areas ; Hydrological data ; Impact assessment ; Models ; Flow discharge ; Runoff ; Land use ; Seasonal variation / China / Nepal / India / Koshi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049130)
(8 MB)
The Koshi Basin, spread across China, Nepal and India, is perceived as having high potential for hydropower and irrigation development, both seen as ways to promote economic development in the region. This paper quantifies and assesses the past and projected future spatial and temporal water balances in the Koshi Basin. Results show that precipitation and net water yield are lowest in the transmountain region and the Tibetan plateau. The values are highest in the mountain region, followed by the hills and Indo-Gangetic Plains. Approximately 65% of average annual precipitation is converted to flows, indicating high water availability. Actual evapotranspiration is highest in the Indo-Gangetic Plains region due to the presence of irrigated agriculture and a few forested mountain watersheds. As most of the water from the mountain and hill regions eventually flows down to the plains, the mountain and hill regions in Nepal are important for maintaining agriculture in the plains in both Nepal and India. Results from the flow analyses indicate the high temporal variability of flows in the basin. The frequent occurrences of both high- and low-flow events demonstrate the existing vulnerability of the region to both floods and droughts, leading to a very risk-prone livelihood system. Climate change projections show an increasing trend in precipitation and net water yield for most of the basin, except the transmountain region. Therefore, it is important to consider the climate change impacts on water resources in future planning.
13 Meena, R. P.; Karnam, V.; Tripathi, S. C.; Jha, A.; Sharma, R. K.; Singh, G. P. 2019. Irrigation management strategies in wheat for efficient water use in the regions of depleting water resources. Agricultural Water Management, 214:38-46. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.01.001]
Irrigation management ; Strategies ; Water resources ; Water depletion ; Water use efficiency ; Irrigation water ; Wheat ; Crop yield ; Water productivity ; Water deficit ; Climatic data / India / Haryana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049170)
(0.36 MB)
Wheat is the second most important food crop in India and world. One of the major difficulties faced in the wheat growing regions is the depletion of water resources at an alarming rate. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the use of the reduced amount of irrigation water would maintain the grain yield of popular Indian wheat variety HD2967. Water use, crop yield and water use efficiency of wheat were evaluated for three consecutive years under thirteen different irrigation treatments. Highest yield (5372.4 kgha-1 ) was recorded when crop was irrigated with full irrigation (60 mm of water at all five critical crop growth stages); which were statistically at par to yields recorded under 25% deficit irrigation (45 mm) at all growth stages. The treatment with 50% irrigation (30 mm) at all five growth stages although saved 50% water, yield penalty was also significant (4788.1 kgha-1 = 10.9% loss). Treatments with normal recommended practice (60 mm) have achieved lower water use efficiency (WUE) values (1.88 kg m-3) whereas, 25% deficit irrigation i.e. 45 mm at all five stages recorded significantly higher WUE (2.23 kgm-3) in sandy loam soils. The treatment where a total of 750 m3 water was saved per hectare was the most remunerative option in addition to saving of cost on water, electricity and labour. Adoption of 45 mm irrigation at all crop growth stages can enhance both irrigation water use efficiency without any yield penalty and can be adopted as a water saving mechanism in the regions of depleting water resources.
14 Kibret, S.; Lautze, Jonathan; McCartney, Matthew; Nhamo, Luxon; Yan, G. 2019. Malaria around large dams in Africa: effect of environmental and transmission endemicity factors. Malaria Journal, 18:1-12. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2933-5]
Malaria ; Vector-borne diseases ; Dams ; Environmental effects ; Disease transmission ; Endemics ; Mosquitoes ; Anopheles ; Breeding habitats ; Water reservoirs ; Slope ; Topography ; Climatic data ; Communities ; Health hazards / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049330)
https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12936-019-2933-5
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049330.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049330.pdf
(3.62 MB) (3.62 MB)
Background: The impact of large dams on malaria has received widespread attention. However, understanding how dam topography and transmission endemicity influence malaria incidences is limited.
Methods: Data from the European Commission’s Joint Research Center and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission were used to determine reservoir perimeters and shoreline slope of African dams. Georeferenced data from the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) were used to estimate malaria incidence rates in communities near reservoir shorelines. Population data from the WorldPop database were used to estimate the population at risk of malaria around dams in stable and unstable areas.
Results: The data showed that people living near (< 5 km) large dams in sub-Saharan Africa grew from 14.4 million in 2000 to 18.7 million in 2015. Overall, across sub-Saharan Africa between 0.7 and 1.6 million malaria cases per year are attributable to large dams. Whilst annual malaria incidence declined markedly in both stable and unstable areas between 2000 and 2015, the malaria impact of dams appeared to increase in unstable areas, but decreased in stable areas. Shoreline slope was found to be the most important malaria risk factor in dam-affected geographies, explaining 41–82% (P < 0.001) of the variation in malaria incidence around reservoirs.
Conclusion: Gentler, more gradual shoreline slopes were associated with much greater malaria risk. Dam-related environmental variables such as dam topography and shoreline slopes are an important factor that should be considered in efforts to predict and control malaria around dams.
Methods: Data from the European Commission’s Joint Research Center and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission were used to determine reservoir perimeters and shoreline slope of African dams. Georeferenced data from the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) were used to estimate malaria incidence rates in communities near reservoir shorelines. Population data from the WorldPop database were used to estimate the population at risk of malaria around dams in stable and unstable areas.
Results: The data showed that people living near (< 5 km) large dams in sub-Saharan Africa grew from 14.4 million in 2000 to 18.7 million in 2015. Overall, across sub-Saharan Africa between 0.7 and 1.6 million malaria cases per year are attributable to large dams. Whilst annual malaria incidence declined markedly in both stable and unstable areas between 2000 and 2015, the malaria impact of dams appeared to increase in unstable areas, but decreased in stable areas. Shoreline slope was found to be the most important malaria risk factor in dam-affected geographies, explaining 41–82% (P < 0.001) of the variation in malaria incidence around reservoirs.
Conclusion: Gentler, more gradual shoreline slopes were associated with much greater malaria risk. Dam-related environmental variables such as dam topography and shoreline slopes are an important factor that should be considered in efforts to predict and control malaria around dams.
15 Akpoti, K.; Kabo-bah, A. T.; Dossou-Yovo, E. R.; Groen, T. A.; Zwart, Sander J. 2020. Mapping suitability for rice production in inland valley landscapes in Benin and Togo using environmental niche modeling. Science of the Total Environment, 709:136165. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136165]
Land suitability ; Rice ; Agricultural production ; Environmental modelling ; Linear models ; Forecasting ; Uncertainty ; Water productivity ; Soil water content ; Rainfed farming ; Climatic data ; Soil chemicophysical properties ; Socioeconomic environment ; Valleys / Benin / Togo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049495)
(5.47 MB)
Inland valleys (IVs) in Africa are important landscapes for rice cultivation and are targeted by national governments to attain self-sufficiency. Yet, there is limited information on the spatial distribution of IVs suitability at the national scale. In the present study, we developed an ensemble model approach to characterize the IVs suitability for rainfed lowland rice using 4 machine learning algorithms based on environmental niche modeling (ENM) with presence-only data and background sample, namely Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Maximum Entropy (MAXNT) and Random Forest (RF). We used a set of predictors that were grouped under climatic variables, agricultural water productivity and soil water content, soil chemical properties, soil physical properties, vegetation cover, and socio-economic variables. The Area Under the Curves (AUC) evaluation metrics for both training and testing were respectively 0.999 and 0.873 for BRT, 0.866 and 0.816 for GLM, 0.948 and 0.861 for MAXENT and 0.911 and 0.878 for RF. Results showed that proximity of inland valleys to roads and urban centers, elevation, soil water holding capacity, bulk density, vegetation index, gross biomass water productivity, precipitation of the wettest quarter, isothermality, annual precipitation, and total phosphorus among others were major predictors of IVs suitability for rainfed lowland rice. Suitable IVs areas were estimated at 155,000–225,000 Ha in Togo and 351,000–406,000 Ha in Benin. We estimated that 53.8% of the suitable IVs area is needed in Togo to attain self-sufficiency in rice while 60.1% of the suitable IVs area is needed in Benin to attain self-sufficiency in rice. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of an ensemble environmental niche modeling approach that combines the strengths of several models.
16 Dyer, E.; Washington, R.; Taye, Meron Teferi. 2020. Evaluating the CMIP5 [Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5] ensemble in Ethiopia: creating a reduced ensemble for rainfall and temperature in Northwest Ethiopia and the Awash Basin. International Journal of Climatology, 40(6):2964-2985. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6377]
Climate change ; Models ; Evaluation ; Rain ; Temperature ; Climatic data ; Trends ; Observation ; Seasonality ; Simulation ; Forecasting ; River basins ; Policies / Ethiopia / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049591)
https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.6377
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049591.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049591.pdf
(8.09 MB) (8.09 MB)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the historical skill of models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in two regions of Ethiopia: northwestern Ethiopia and the Awash, one of the main Ethiopian river basins. An ensemble of CMIP5 models was first selected so that atmosphere-only (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, AMIP) and fully coupled simulations could be directly compared, assessing the effects of coupled model sea surface temperature (SST) biases. The annual cycle, seasonal biases, trends, and variability were used as metrics of model skill. In the Awash basin, both coupled and AMIP simulations had late Belg or March-May (MAM) rainy seasons. In connection to this, most models also missed the June rainfall minimum entirely. Northwest Ethiopia, which has a unimodal rainfall cycle in observations, is shown to have bimodal seasonality in models, even in the AMIP simulations. Significant AMIP biases in these regions show that model biases are not related to SST biases alone. Similarly, a clear connection between model resolution and skill was not found. Models simulated temperature with more skill than rainfall, but trends showed an underestimation in Belg (MAM/April-May (AM)) trends, and an overestimation in Kiremt or July-September (JAS/June-September (JJAS)) trends. The models which were shown to have the most skill in a range of categories were HadGEM2-AO, GFDL-CM3, and MPI-ESM-MR. The biases and discrepancies in model skill for different metrics of rainfall and temperature found in this study provide a useful basis for a process-based analysis of the CMIP5 ensemble in Ethiopia.
17 Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Gowing, J.; Walker, D.; Parkin, G. 2020. Citizen science in community-based watershed management: an institutional analysis in Ethiopia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 25p. (IWMI Working Paper 191) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.207]
Watershed management ; Community involvement ; Citizen science ; Water institutions ; Hydrometeorology ; Weather data ; Climatic data ; Monitoring ; Water resources ; Water management ; Natural resources management ; Water security ; Irrigation management ; Small scale systems ; Sustainability ; Governmental organizations ; River basin institutions ; Meteorological stations ; Participatory approaches ; Stakeholders ; Data analysis ; Access to information ; Information dissemination / Ethiopia / Abbay Basin / Rift Valley Lakes Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050043)
(1.22 MB)
The engagement of communities (non-scientists) in the collection of reliable hydrometeorological data (a citizen science approach) has the potential to address part of the data gaps in Ethiopia. Due to the high cost of establishing and maintaining gauging stations, hydrometeorological monitoring in the country tends to focus on large river basins (> 1,000 km2) with little or no consideration of small watersheds (< 100 km2). However, hydrologic data from small watersheds are critical for two main reasons: (i) measure the impacts of watershed management interventions on water resources; and (ii) inform local development plans, such as small- and micro-scale irrigation development. Therefore, this paper examines the institutional arrangements for hydrometeorological monitoring and the practices followed by the Basin Development Authority and National Meteorology Agency in Ethiopia. It is important to investigate the possibilities of embedding a citizen science approach into the data collection systems of these two organizations, as this will help to address data gaps, particularly at micro-watershed levels. Based on the assessments, there is potential to embed the approach into the institutional structure of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) for hydrometeorological monitoring in micro-watersheds, due to the following reasons: (i) MoA has a high demand for hydrometeorological data from small rivers to be used for small- and micro-scale irrigation development, and for measuring the impacts of watershed development interventions on water resources; and (ii) MoA has an institutional structure from federal to community level that supports the engagement of communities in development interventions. However, effectively embedding the citizen science approach into regular monitoring of MoA depends on the clear distribution of mandates; developing legal, ethical, methodological and quality frameworks; and developing clear data sharing and incentive mechanisms involving all partners.
18 Santos, C. A. G.; Neto, R. M. B.; do Nascimento, T. V. M.; da Silva, R. M.; Mishra, M.; Frade, T. G. 2021. Geospatial drought severity analysis based on PERSIANN-CDR- [Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks - Climate Data Record] estimated rainfall data for Odisha State in India (1983–2018). Science of the Total Environment, 750:141258. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141258]
Drought ; Extreme weather events ; Climatic data ; Rainfall patterns ; Precipitation ; Climate change ; Vulnerability ; Temperature ; Satellite observation ; Neural networks ; Spatial distribution ; Coastal area / India / Odisha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050146)
(4.66 MB)
Studying the behavior of drought and its short-, medium- and long-term features throughout a region is very important for the creation of adequate public policies and actions aimed at the economic and social development of the region. Furthermore, the frequency and intensity of weather-related natural hazards (rainfall, heatwaves and droughts) are increasing every year, and these extreme weather-related events are potent threats worldwide, particularly in developing countries, such as India. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the drought behavior in the Odisha region of India (1983–2018) by using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the new drought severity classification (DS). PERSIANN-CDR-estimated rainfall data were used to provide 271 time series, which were equally spaced at intervals of 0.25°, over Odisha state. The accuracy of these time series was evaluated with rain gauge-measured data at multiple time scales, and it was observed that the PERSIANN-CDR-estimated rainfall data effectively captured the pattern of rainfall over Odisha state. It was noted that almost half of the mean annual rainfall was concentrated in July and August. On addition, northeastern Odisha and areas near the coast were the rainiest regions. Furthermore, the drought pattern was evaluated based on nine distinct four-year periods (SPI-48), and the results indicated that there was high spatiotemporal variability in drought occurrence among those periods; e.g., in the last four years, extreme drought events occurred throughout the state. For the DS severity index analysis, it was noted that the values tended to be more significant with the increase in the drought time scale. For short-term droughts, DS values were less significant throughout the region, whereas for the medium-term droughts, there was an increase in the DS values in all regions of Odisha, especially in the north-central region. For long-term droughts, the values were more significant throughout the region, especially in the areas with the highest rainfall levels. Finally, the PERSIANN-CDR data should also be analyzed in other regions of India, and the obtained results are useful for the identification of droughts throughout the region and for the management of water resources and can be replicated in any part of the world.
19 Ullah, H.; Akbar, M. 2021. Drought risk analysis for water assessment at gauged and ungauged sites in the low rainfall regions of Pakistan. Environmental Processes, 8(1):139-162. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-020-00478-9]
Drought ; Risk analysis ; Risk assessment ; Forecasting ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Water resources ; Temperature ; Climatic data ; Evapotranspiration ; Estimation ; Uncertainty ; Meteorological stations / Pakistan / Balochistan / Sindh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050247)
(1.65 MB)
In this study, projection of droughts was performed using monthly precipitation and temperature data in the Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. Rainfall is the main source of water in the study area. The Reconnaissance Drought Index was used to explore drought events from the selected sites of the regions. The index-flood procedure was used to perform the drought analysis in the study area. Two statistical methods were used to select Generalized Pareto distribution as the most acceptable distribution for drought risk assessment. The distribution was estimated through the L-moments approach for both regions. Three problems were addressed in this study. Regional analysis was performed for regional quantiles covering a large area and on-site analysis for each site’s drought projections. The Monte Carlo simulations procedure was utilized for reliability assessment of estimated quantiles that proved likeness at lower return periods and uncertainty at higher return periods. Lastly, quadratic regression was performed between drought means and site characteristics for drought quantiles at ungauged sites. According to the results, there are chances of more drought in the future if the recent climatic conditions continue in the study area. The study results will help stakeholders, government, and water resource managers in preparing plans about drought and water availability in the area.
20 Ndhlovu, G. Z.; Woyessa, Y. E. 2021. Use of gridded climate data for hydrological modelling in the Zambezi River Basin, southern Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 602:126749. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126749]
Hydrological modelling ; Climatic data ; River basins ; Water resources ; Hydrometeorology ; Stream flow ; Water yield ; Land use ; Land cover ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Sensitivity analysis ; Uncertainty / Southern Africa / Zambezi River Basin / Kabompo River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050589)
(3.81 MB)
The Zambezi River Basin is among many basins in Southern African region with inadequate, low resolution, poorly maintained and distributed network of hydrometeorological stations. This scenario entails scarcity of hydrological data in the basin and subsequently leads to poor assessment of water resources. This paper investigates alternative technologies in the assessment of the hydrology and water resources in the basin. The high-resolution gridded climate data together with land use and soil data were used as inputs into SWAT model to simulate hydrological processes. Calibration and validation of model were performed using SWAT-CUP. Comparison of average monthly rainfall data for gridded and observed shows 97% correlation. The statistics show NS to be 0.73 while R2 was 0.73. The uncertainty analysis was determined with a P-factor at 0.75 while the R-factor was 0.75. Therefore, use of gridded climate data for hydrological modelling in data scarce regions could be a useful tool to estimate the main hydrological parameters and water resources of an area with satisfactory accuracy.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
