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1 Sugden, Fraser; Punch, S. 2014. Capitalist expansion and the decline of common property ecosystems in China, Vietnam and India. Development and Change, 45(4):656-684. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12103]
Ecosystems ; Living standards ; Households ; Economic aspects ; Income ; Natural resources ; Industrialization / China / Vietnam / India / Shaoguan / West Bengal / Buxa / Phu Yen
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046671)
(0.52 MB)
This article identifies some of the multiple processes of capitalist development through which access to common property resources and their utility for communities are undermined. Three sites in upland Asia demonstrate how patterns of exclusion are mediated by the unique and selective trajectories through which capital expands, resulting in a decline of common property ecosystems. The process is mediated by economic stress, ecological degradation and political processes such as state-sanctioned enclosure. The first case study from Shaoguan, South China, indicates how rapid capitalist industrialization has depleted the aquatic resource base, undermining the livelihoods of fishing households yet to be absorbed into the urban working class. At the second site, in Phu Yen, Vietnam, capitalist development is limited. However, indirect articulations between capitalism on the lowlands and the peasant economy of the uplands is driving the commercialization of agriculture and fishing and undermining the utility of communal river and lake ecosystems. In the third site, Buxa in West Bengal, India, there is only selective capitalist development, but patterns of resource extraction established during the colonial period and contemporary neoliberal ‘conservation’ agendas have directly excluded communities from forest resources. Restrictions on access oblige them to contribute subsidized labour to local enterprises. The article thus shows how communities which are differentially integrated into the global economy are excluded from natural resources through complex means.
2 Punch, S.; Sugden, Fraser. 2013. Work, education and out-migration among children and youth in upland Asia: changing patterns of labour and ecological knowledge in an era of globalisation. Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, Special Issue. 18(3):255-270. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.716410]
Globalization ; Children ; Youth ; Households ; Labour productivity ; Women ; Economic aspects ; Education ; Ecology ; Agriculture ; Living standards / Asia / India / Vietnam / China / Da Krong / Buxa / Shaoguan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046674)
(0.15 MB)
In the context of ecological and economic change, this paper identifies the impact of ongoing transformations in young people's labour contribution in four natural resource-dependent regions in India, Vietnam and China. Children's work is important to maximise household labour productivity, while also endowing them with the ecological knowledge necessary to sustain key productive livelihood activities. However, today, an increased emphasis on education and the out-migration of youth is reducing their labour contribution, particularly in the more economically developed case study communities in Northern Vietnam and China. While selective in its extent, these changes have increased the labour burden of older household members and women, while the economic opportunities young people aspire to following schooling or migration frequently prove elusive in a competitive liberalised economy. Another implication of young people diverting their labour and learning away from traditional natural resource-based livelihood activities is the loss of valuable ecological knowledge.
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