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1 Noble, Andrew; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Manthrithilake, Herath; Arasalingam, Sutharsiny. 2014. Review of literature on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 41p. (IWMI Working Paper 158) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.206]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Aetiology ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Groundwater ; Contamination ; Arsenic ; Toxicity ; Cadmium ; Phosphates ; Fluorides ; Aluminium ; Agrochemicals ; Health hazards ; Food chains ; Farmers ; Wells ; Literature ; Research / Sri Lanka / Medawachchiya / Anuradhapura
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046435)
(679.55 KB)
This manuscript undertakes a review of current published information (peer-reviewed and grey literature) on Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. It attempts to provide an overview of the possible environmentally-induced causal factors that have been implicated in the development of the disease, and identifies the gaps in research and recommends potential areas for future research. The review specifically captures the potential role that agriculture and water resources may play as causal factors in the development of the disease, and calls for a systematic approach and stresses the need for an integrated multi-disciplinary research effort to address the problem.
2 Pradhan, Surendra K.; Torvinen, E.; Siljanen, H. M. P.; Pessi, M.; Heinonen-Tanski, H. 2015. Iron flocculation stimulates biogas production in Microthrix parvicella-spiked wastewater sludge. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(9):3039-3046. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0733-6]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046768)
Municipal wastewater sludge has been used for fertiliser and biogas production for several decades. Chemical compounds such as iron and aluminium are common coagulants used in wastewater treatment plants to remove suspended solids, phosphorus and micro-organisms. This laboratory study explores whether ferric chloride (FeCl3 as PIX-111) or aluminium chloride (AlCl3 as PAX-18) flocculation could stimulate biogas production in wastewater sludge contaminated with Microthrix parvicella. In a fermentation process run in three replicates, cumulative methane production was in average about 25 % higher using the iron flocculated sludge than using the aluminium flocculated sludge; this difference was statistically significant (P\0.05) in the subsequent runs of the semi-continuous process. In all runs, the iron flocculated sludge produced less (P\0.05) hydrogen sulphide in the biogas than the aluminium flocculated sludge. The numbers of M. parvicella stayed at the similar levels throughout the process. It is concluded that biogas production is higher and more stable with iron coagulant in comparison with aluminium coagulant, presumably due to the reduced formation of hydrogen sulphide. Thus, iron coagulants seem to be better than aluminium coagulants to stimulate the methane production process. Both coagulants significantly suppressed multiplication of M. parvicella in the biogas reactor, i.e. they did not evoke foaming in this experiment.
3 Dube, S.; Muchaonyerwa, P.; Mapanda, F.; Hughes, J. 2018. Effects of sludge water from a water treatment works on soil properties and the yield and elemental uptake of brachiaria decumbens and lucerne (medicago sativa). Agricultural Water Management, 208:335-343. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.015]
Wastewater treatment ; Sewage sludge ; Water reuse ; Irrigation water ; Crops ; Brachiaria decumbens ; Medicago sativa ; Yields ; Nutrient uptake ; Soil properties ; Chemical composition ; Aluminium ; Manganese ; Toxicity ; Chemicophysical properties / Zimbabwe / Harare
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048901)
(0.54 MB)
This study assessed the effects of irrigation with different dilutions of sludge water, a wastewater from an aluminium-based drinking water treatment plant in Harare, Zimbabwe, on yield and elemental uptake of Brachiaria decumbens (brachiaria) and Medicago sativa (lucerne), and on properties of clay and sandy loam soils. The sludge water was characterised and diluted to 25%, 50% and 75% of the original concentration with tap water. The dilutions, together with 100% sludge water and tap water, were used to irrigate brachiaria and lucerne in a pot experiment. Shoot plant material was harvested and analysed for biomass, total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), Ca, Mg, K, aluminium (Al), boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Soils were analysed for particle size distribution, organic carbon, (before use only), pH, exchangeable acidity and extractable P, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn before use and after harvesting. Increasing sludge water concentration increased yield and uptake of nutrients of both crops, without accumulating pollutants in the tissues to phytotoxic levels in both soils for brachiaria and in the sandy loam soil for lucerne. Tissue Al and Fe were not affected by sludge water concentration but were higher than maximum tolerable levels. An increase in sludge water concentration increased soil pH in the sandy loam soil more than in the clay under both crops. Undiluted sludge water may be used to irrigate brachiaria, while dilution to 75% of its original concentration is required for lucerne, at least in the short term, without negatively affecting plant growth.
4 Gowtham, B.; Kumar, R. D.; Suresh, S. 2020. An experimental study on recycle and reuse of waste water by poly aluminium coagulants of Veerapandi Area, Salem, India. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 8(IV):1689-1695.
Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Water reuse ; Chemicophysical properties ; Aluminium ; Total dissolved solids ; Sulphates ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Groundwater / India / Tamil Nadu / Salem / Veerapandi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049968)
(0.99 MB) (0.99 MB)
Recycled waste water is a reliable source of water that must be taken into account in formulating a sustainable water policy. Water reuse is increasingly been integrated in the planning and development of water resources in thirumanimuttar river basin region, particularly for irrigation. Increasing water demand, increase in population and variation of variation of rainfall scale, tends to pollute ground water and improper sewage design that leads to pollute groundwater and improper sewage design that leads to overflow causes contamination of groundwater level. Waste water samples are collected from the Veerapandi zone and analyzed for their chemical constituents. The locations of samples water were collected from five areas and the entire area is 49 sq.km and the reuse water has been cultivated around 50 acres of agricultural land. Here we have analyzed the Physical, chemical and biological parameters of waste water for irrigation purpose. The result values are compared with the permissible value as per IS codes. By adding Poly aluminium chloride (PAC) as a coagulants the alum entraps and neutralize with waste water (dirt particles) the metal hydroxide gets precipitates during coagulation process. Therefore the removal efficiency of total dissolved solids (TDS) and sulphate level is highly recommended in the treatment process. Some location sample shows that are in mere contamination and unfit for agricultural and irrigation purposes.
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