Your search found 15 records
1 Khan, Abdul Hakeem; Munir, Sarfraz; Ahmad, Waqas; Turral, Hugh. 2006. Introducing modern environment friendly technology for water management in customary environment of Pakistan. In International Symposium on Agriculture in the 21st Century, Issues and Strategies. Agriculture University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 14-15 March 2006. 9p.
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation operation ; Crop based irrigation ; Maize ; Tobacco ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation scheduling ; Capacity building / Pakistan / Indus River / Tarbela Reservoir / Pehur High Level Canal / Upper Swat Canal / Maira Branch Canal
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G730 KHA Record No: H039811)
2 Simmons, R. W.; Ahmad, Waqas; Noble, Andrew; Blummel, M.; Evans, Alexandra; Weckenbrock, P. 2009. Effect of long-term un-treated domestic wastewater re-use on soil quality, wheat grain and straw yields and attributes of fodder quality. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 24(1-2):95-112. (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-009-9085-7]
Water reuse ; Domestic water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Soil sampling ; Irrigation effects ; Wheat ; Fodder / Pakistan / Punjab Province / Faisalabad / Chakera / Kehala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H042570)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2772vq200k01212/fulltext.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042570.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042570.pdf
(0.25 MB)
In 2006 a comprehensive sampling program was undertaken in two pre-selected peri-urban villages in Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the soil and agronomic impacts of long-term (25–30 years) untreated wastewater re-use on wheat grain and straw yields and attributes of wheat straw fodder quality. Soil SAR, ESP, RSC and ECe were 63%, 37%, 31%, and 50% higher under wastewater (WW) as compared with canal water (CW) irrigated plots. Further, 2.7 and 6.65 fold increases in soil NO3- + NO2 - - N and Olsen-P were observed in WW as compared with CW irrigated plots. However, no significant differences in grain yield, wheat straw biomass, or fodder quality attributes were observed between WW and CW irrigated plots. In addition, for both CW and WW irrigated plots wheat straw, Cd and Pb concentrations were orders of magnitude below the EC Maximum permissible levels for Pb and Cd in feed materials and thus pose no threat to the fodderlivestock food chain. Further, elevated soil N associated with WW irrigated plots has a significant (p<0.01) positive influence on fodder quality by increasing the N content. Factorial ANOVA with covariance indicates that effective management of the elevated soil ECe in WW irrigated plots would increase grain yield and wheat straw biomass by 853 kg ha-1 (19.5%) and 819 kg ha-1 (18.6%) respectively as compared with CW irrigated plots. In Faisalabad, if managed appropriately to address emerging salinity issues the contribution of wastewater irrigation to the achievement of MDGs 1 and 7 could be significant if adverse impacts remain as marginal as found in this study.
3 Munir, Sarfraz; Ahmad, Waqas; Alam, N. 2008. Water saving and environment friendly canal operations in high water allowance canals. Pakistan Journal of Water Resources, 12(1):29-45.
Water conservation ; Irrigation canals ; Operations ; Flow control ; Water requirements ; Groundwater recharge / Pakistan / Machai-Maira irrigation canals / Pehur High Level Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H042569)
(0.59 MB)
NWFP is a rich province in water resources and therefore irrigation canals have water allowances higher than any other province in Pakistan. If these canals are operated according to existing supply based operation then it would lead to water logging of fertile land and would cause severe water losses as well. To avoid this situation, there is a need to devise such canal operation plans which can prevent these adverse effects of increased irrigation supplies. In this situation, the water should not be let unjustifiably to the irrigators, otherwise they would over-irrigate their lands and will cause waterlogging. This can be tackled by adopting a semi-demand based canal operations approach which has two-tiered benefits of water saving and preventing waterlogging. Crop Based Irrigation Operations (CBIO) is a canal operations strategy which can achieve these objectives, if implemented in true sense. In this paper the development, implementation and benefits of CBIO have been discussed, while implementing it on Machai-Maira irrigation canals.
4 Munir, Sarfraz; Ahmad, Waqas; Hussain, Asghar. 2009. Effect of transboundary water agreements on water and food security of downstream riparian communities: a case study of Indus Waters Treaty. Paper presented at the National Conference on World Water Day, Pakistan Engineering Congress, Lahore, Pakistan, 28 March 2009. 33p.
River basin management ; Conflict ; Treaties ; International agreements ; Irrigation systems ; Food security / India / Pakistan / Indus River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042568)
(0.33 MB)
Transboundary water conflicts are awfully crucial in their nature as they not only endanger the food and water security of the riparian communities but also jeopardize the security and existence of the conflicting nations. Any inappropriate action done by upper riparians directly affects the existence of lower riparians. Therefore they need special care to be dealt with. There are 261 international rivers, covering almost one-half of the total land surface which are shared between two or more nations. The management of international waters has been poorly defined in the international arena. In 1947, after the independence of subcontinent, the Indus Basin was divided into two parts between India and Pakistan. Soon after independence India started to halt the river supplies to Pakistan and closed all supplies to the canals which were crossing the India-Pakistan border. India agreed to restore some of the supplies to Pakistan in May 1948, when quite a pro-Indian temporary agreement was signed. It was, however, generally realized that Pakistan could not live without restoration of the full supplies and on this question there could be no compromise. Direct negotiations between the parties failed to resolve the dispute. Negotiations under the World Bank commenced in May 1952. The World Bank planned to divide Indus Basin Rivers into two parts the eastern rivers, under completely Indian control and the western rivers for unrestricted use by Pakistan. Pakistan was not fully convinced and refused to sign until 1958 but ultimately the Treaty was formalized in 1960 after some necessary modifications. Pakistan, on one hand, was deprived a substantial amount of its waters in the Indus Waters Treaty, but on the other, it also got the right of unrestricted use of western rivers. Pakistan also received some assistance (grants and loans) from the World Bank for construction of replacement works for some water storage and diversions. It is evident that the closure or diversion of river flows in the upstream reaches not only affect the downstream river ecology but also puts the downstream irrigated agriculture at stake. This paper highlights the effects of the IWT on water availability and irrigated agriculture in Pakistan. Study finds that though there are some deprivations of surface waters availability to the Pakistan under the IWT but at the same time there are also some improvements in canal water diversions, which are mainly due to the construction of water storage reservoirs. An increase in the cropped area and crop production also has been observed which owes to many other social, economical and technical factors but all this was not possible without reliable irrigation water supplies.
5 Weckenbrock, P.; Ahmad, Waqas; Drescher, A. W.; Majeed, M. Q.; Ashraf, M. N. 2010. Where there's muck there's brass: wastewater irrigation near Faisalabad. Pakistan. Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on World Food System - a contribution from Europe, Thematic scientific session on Water management, Zurich, Switzerland, 14 -16 September 2010. 4p. (published online).
Groundwater irrigation ; Water costs ; Wastewater irrigation / Pakistan / Kehala Village / Chakera Village
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043435)
(0.05 MB)
Water scarcity is one of the most pressing problems for many arid and semi-arid regions. With regard to the need for a more efficient and sustainable use of the existing freshwater resources, one main focus should be on agriculture with its share of 80-90% of the global water consumption (UNEP and GEC 2004). The Indus Basin Irrigation System in Pakistan is the largest irrigation system in the world and the backbone of the country’s economy (ALAM et al. 2007). However, because of an increasing demand for irrigation water and a lack of maintenance of irrigation infrastructure resulting in water losses, many farmers can no longer satisfy their irrigation water requirements with canal water. Beside the use of groundwater, another coping strategy is the use of wastewater for irrigation. This practice is not confined to Pakistan: worldwide, an estimated 200 million farmers irrigate 20 million hectares of land with wastewater (Raschid-Sally and Jayakody 2008). Among scientists and decision makers, a negative perception of wastewater irrigation prevails (CARR et al. 2004). Beside concerns about negative impacts on health and environment, various scholars have stated that wastewater irrigated agriculture might not be sustainable in the long term (PESCOD 1992, CHANG et al. 2002, ENSINK 2006). This study, which was part of a larger research project on wastewater irrigation (AMERASINGHE et al. 2009, WECKENBROCK et al. 2009), focuses on one aspect of agricultural sustainability: economic longterm impacts of wastewater irrigation in a periurban area of Faisalabad, Pakistan. In terms of inputs, the costs of irrigation water for groundwater and wastewater users are compared. In terms of outputs, the comparison is between the economic outputs of agriculture per area of the two groups.
6 Ali, G.; Nitivattananon, V.; Ahmad, Waqas; Nawaz, R. 2010. Water pollution monitoring and management: a review of Bangkok. Paper presented at the 8th International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment (SEAWE), Phuket, Thailand, 24-26 October 2010. 13p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043441)
(0.14 MB)
An increasing amount of scientific information is available on water pollution and its effect. Water pollution management for pollution control seldom considers the scientific information. The main objective of this paper is to review the water pollution management in Bangkok and link the entire process to the cause and effects of water pollution. Existing approaches for water pollution control primarily focuses on enforcing various standards. Respective local authorities in Bangkok have also set their own surface water quality requirement. However, the entire management approach requires further analysis in line with the present situation. This paper attempts to review the entire management approach and suggests reduction strategies, control measures/treatment systems and some preferred solutions to the water pollution management. It also covers other important measures for control. The conclusion proposes some policy recommendations on reducing pollution through effect management approach.
7 Weckenbrock, P.; Evans, Alexandra; Majeed, M. Q.; Ahmad, Waqas; Bashir, N. 2011. Fighting for the right to use wastewater: what drives the use of untreated wastewater in a peri-urban village of Faisalabad, Pakistan? Water International, 36(4):522-534. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.596323]
Water reuse ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Sanitation ; Periurban areas ; Case studies ; Canals ; Agricultural land / Pakistan / Faisalabad / Chakera village
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044200)
(1.14 MB)
This case study from Chakera village, Faisalabad City, Pakistan describes the transition from canal-water irrigation to wastewater irrigation over a period of several decades. It shows that while the initial motivation for wastewater use was water scarcity and a lack of choice, farmers soon realized there were benefits associated with this alternative water supply. In the subsequent decades, they made great efforts and overcame organizational, infrastructural and legal obstacles to establish wastewater irrigation as the only irrigation on most of the village’s agricultural area.
8 Ahmad, Waqas. 2011. Development of an agricultural water availability index and its application under climate change in Rechna Doab, Pakistan. Thesis submitted to the Asian Institute of Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, Pathumthani, Bangkok, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of Engineering in Water Engineering and Management. 101p.
Agriculture ; Water availability ; Climate change ; Rain ; Runoff ; Aquifers ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Cropping systems ; Water scarcity ; Water quality ; Indicators ; Soil moisture ; Groundwater ; Models / Pakistan / Rechna Doab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044363)
(4.85 MB)
Climate change will affect the hydrologic cycle and thus it will have significant implications on the regional scale water availability from a number of sources. An index based assessment of the present and future water availability was carried out in this research. The Agricultural Water Availability Index was developed for Rechna doab, Pakistan. The study area was divided in four irrigation circles and further in to a grid of 1000 x 1000 m. The present and future water availability from canal diversions, rainfall, groundwater with its quality consideration and stored soil moisture was assessed. The results revealed that water availability is higher in the eastern parts of the study area and following a general trend it reduces towards the west. The mean index value for the present scenario in the study area was determined as 0.30. It was further investigated that water availability is varying throughout the year. In UCC irrigation circle the Agricultural Water Availability Index varies from -0.17 to 0.28 the minimum value was observed in December and the maximum in August. The corresponding index values for LCC-East, LCC-West and Haveli circle were from -0.16 to 0.15, -0.15 to 0.15 and -0.18 to 0.07 respectively. The current cropping intensities in the four irrigation circles were 152, 113, 115 and 114 percent respectively.
An increase rainfall distribution and canal diversions were observed in all future scenarios. Moreover the future rainfall was observed to have more fluctuation throughout the year. In comparison with the present situation it was noted that under future scenarios the spring season water availability would increase. The overall index value for UCC, LCC-East, LCC West and Haveli circle varies from -0.21 to 0.65, -0.23 to 0.44, -0.25 to 0.41 and -0.27 to 0.29 respectively. This shows that the present trend of water availability across the circles is also observed in the future scenarios. Moreover the minimum and maximum extremes were observed to be more severe with August being the wettest and November being the driest months. More fluctuation in water availability was observed in Haveli circle, which means that comparatively more arid area are more vulnerable to climate change. This was evident from the spring water availability in Haveli circle where the range if index was from -0.02 to 0.14 for A2T2 and B2T2 scenarios respectively. The extreme water shortages for future scenarios in the months of May and November pose a serious threat to the major crop in the study area. Based on the results it was found that there was a shortage of water at the critical time of sowing of wheat, cotton and sweet pea therefore suitable climate change adaptation options were forwarded to cope with these shortages. It was suggested to adapt water conservation technologies during the sowing period of these crops as it saves time and conserve stored soil moisture for the development of crops.
The overall results of this study can be used for making better surface water allocation in the future on the basis of knowing water availability on a spatial scale. As an example more surface water from the UCC circle can be transferred to the other areas where groundwater of usable quality is not available
An increase rainfall distribution and canal diversions were observed in all future scenarios. Moreover the future rainfall was observed to have more fluctuation throughout the year. In comparison with the present situation it was noted that under future scenarios the spring season water availability would increase. The overall index value for UCC, LCC-East, LCC West and Haveli circle varies from -0.21 to 0.65, -0.23 to 0.44, -0.25 to 0.41 and -0.27 to 0.29 respectively. This shows that the present trend of water availability across the circles is also observed in the future scenarios. Moreover the minimum and maximum extremes were observed to be more severe with August being the wettest and November being the driest months. More fluctuation in water availability was observed in Haveli circle, which means that comparatively more arid area are more vulnerable to climate change. This was evident from the spring water availability in Haveli circle where the range if index was from -0.02 to 0.14 for A2T2 and B2T2 scenarios respectively. The extreme water shortages for future scenarios in the months of May and November pose a serious threat to the major crop in the study area. Based on the results it was found that there was a shortage of water at the critical time of sowing of wheat, cotton and sweet pea therefore suitable climate change adaptation options were forwarded to cope with these shortages. It was suggested to adapt water conservation technologies during the sowing period of these crops as it saves time and conserve stored soil moisture for the development of crops.
The overall results of this study can be used for making better surface water allocation in the future on the basis of knowing water availability on a spatial scale. As an example more surface water from the UCC circle can be transferred to the other areas where groundwater of usable quality is not available
9 Ahmad, Waqas. 2012. Index based agricultural water availability in Rechna Doab, Pakistan: development of an agricultural water availability index and its application under climate change in Rechna Doab, Pakistan [Thesis]. Saarbrucken, Germany: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. 108p.
Water availability ; Indicators ; Climate change ; Hydrological cycle ; Rain ; Runoff ; Aquifers ; Irrigation systems ; Cropping systems ; Water scarcity ; Drought ; Water resources ; Surface water ; Water supply ; Soil moisture ; Water quality ; Irrigation water ; River basins ; Models ; Calibration ; Adaptation / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H045467)
(7.25 MB)
Climate change will affect the hydrologic cycle and thus it will have significant implications on the regional scale water availability from a number of sources. An index based assessment of the present and future water availability was carried out in this research. The Agricultural Water Availability Index was developed for Rehna doab, Pakistan. The study area was divided in four irrigation circles and further in to a grid of 1000 x 1000 m. The present and future water availability from canal diversions, rainfall, groundwater with its quality consideration and stored soil moisture was assessed. The results revealed that water availability is higher in the eastern parts of the study area and following a general trend it reduces towards the west. The mean index value for the present scenario in the study area was determined as 0.30. It was further investigated that water availability is varying throughout the year. In UCC irrigation circle the Agricultural Water Availability Index varies from -0.17 to 0.28 the minimum value was observed in December and the maximum in August. The corresponding index values for LCC-East, LCC-West and Haveli circle were from -0.16 to 0.15, -0.15 to 0.15 and -0.18 to 0.07 respectively. The current cropping intensities in the four irrigation circles were 152, 113, 115 and 114 percent respectively.An increase rainfall distribution and canal diversions were bserved in all future scenarios. Moreover the future rainfall was observed to have more fluctuation throughout the year. In comparison with the present situation it was noted that under future scenarios the spring season water availability would increase. The overall index value for UCC, LCC-East, LCC West and Haveli circle varies from - 0.21 to 0.65, -0.23 to 0.44, -0.25 to 0.41 and -0.27 to 0.29 respectively. This shows that the present trend of water availability across the circles is also observed in the future scenarios. Moreover the minimum and maximum extremes were observed to be more severe with August being the wettest and November being the driest months. More fluctuation in water availability was observed in Haveli circle, which means that comparatively more arid area are more vulnerable to climate change. This was evident from the spring water availability in Haveli circle where the range if index was from -0.02 to 0.14 for A2T2 and B2T2 scenarios respectively. The extreme water shortages for future scenarios in the months of May and November pose a serious threat to the major crop in the study area. Based on the results it was found that there was a shortage of water at the critical time of sowing of wheat, cotton and sweet pea therefore suitable climate change adaptation options were forwarded to cope with these shortages. It was suggested to adapt water conservation technologies during the sowing period of these crops as it saves time and conserve stored soil moisture for the development of crops.The overall results of this study can be used for making better surface water allocation in the future on the basis of knowing water availability on a spatial scale. As an example more surface water from the UCC circle can be transferred to the other areas where groundwater of usable quality is not available.
10 Qureshi, Asad Sarwar; Ahmad, Waqas; Ahmad, A-F. A. 2013. Optimum groundwater table depth and irrigation schedules for controlling soil salinity in Central Iraq. Irrigation and Drainage, 62(4):414-424. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1746]
Groundwater table ; Depth ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation scheduling ; Soil salinity ; Soil profiles ; Crop production ; Wheat ; Maize ; Simulation models ; Calibration ; Water balance / Central Iraq
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H045915)
(0.78 MB)
Excessive irrigation and poor drainage conditions are the major factors contributing to rising groundwater tables and soil salinity in the irrigated areas of Central Iraq. Therefore calculations of precise irrigation requirements are necessary to optimize crop production and keep the groundwater table below the root zone to avoid soil salinization. In this study, the soil–water–atmosphere–plant (SWAP) model is used to determine optimal groundwater table depth and irrigation amounts for the study area. SWAP was calibrated using field data from the study area during the wheat and maize season of 2011–2012. The modelling results reveal that under current irrigation practices (600mm to wheat and 1000mm to maize), more than 30% water is lost as deep percolation. This causes a rise in the groundwater table and reduction in crop yields. The model simulations suggest that a groundwater table depth of 200 cm together with an irrigation application of 500mm to wheat and 600mm to maize will be the best combination to attain optimal yields. Therefore a drainage system in these areas should be installed to maintain groundwater table depth around 200 cm. Maintaining adeeper groundwater table will not be suitable as costs will increase and crop responses negligible. For long-term sustainability, rehabilitation of existing drainage systems to evacuate excessive salts from the root zone will be imperative.
11 Ahmad, Z.; Asad, E. U.; Muhammad, A.; Ahmad, Waqas; Anwar, Arif. 2013. Development of a low-power smart water meter for discharges in Indus Basin irrigation networks. In Shaikh, F. K.; Chowdhry, B. S.; Ammari, H. M.; Uqaili, M. A.; Shah, A. (Eds.). Wireless sensor networks for developing countries. Revised selected papers of the 1st International Symposium on Wireless Sensor Networks for Developing Countries (WSN4DC) 2013, Jamshoro, Pakistan, 24-26 April 2013. New York, NY, USA: Springer. pp.1-6. (Communications in Computer and Information Science 366)
River basins ; Hydrometry ; Sensors ; Water management ; Irrigation development / Pakistan / Indus Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046217)
(2.84 MB)
To improve the sampling frequency of water diversion to distributary canals and to improve equity of distribution and data handling we have developed a smart electronic water meter based on ultrasonic sensors and GPRS modem to frequently record and transmit the water diversion data to a centralized server. The server processes the data to extract useful information for example seasonal cumulative water deliveries and discharge time series. The Wireless Sensor Node (WSN) inspired design is extremely low-power, field deployable and scalable with respect to cost and numbers. This paper, reports the first steps towards practical realization of a smart water grid in the Indus river basin, conceptualized by the authors in previous theoretical studies.
12 Ahmad, Waqas; Fatima, A.; Awan, U. K.; Anwar, Arif. 2014. Analysis of long term meteorological trends in the middle and lower Indus Basin of Pakistan: a non-parametric statistical approach. Global and Planetary Change, 122:282-291. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.09.007]
Climate change ; Rain ; Air temperature ; River basins ; Meteorological factors ; Parametric programming ; Case studies / Pakistan / Indus Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046663)
(1.09 MB)
The Indus basin of Pakistan is vulnerable to climate change which would directly affect the livelihoods of poor people engaged in irrigated agriculture. The situation could be worse in middle and lower part of this basin which occupies 90% of the irrigated area. The objective of this research is to analyze the long term meteorological trends in the middle and lower parts of Indus basin of Pakistan. We used monthly data from 1971 to 2010 and applied non-parametric seasonal Kendal test for trend detection in combination with seasonal Kendall slope estimator to quantify the magnitude of trends. The meteorological parameters considered were mean maximum and mean minimum air temperature, and rainfall from 12 meteorological stations located in the study region. We examined the reliability and spatial integrity of data by mass-curve analysis and spatial correlation matrices, respectively. Analysis was performed for four seasons (spring—March to May, summer—June to August, fall—September to November and winter—December to February). The results show that max. temperature has an average increasing trend of magnitude +0.16, +0.03, 0.0 and +0.04 °C/decade during all the four seasons, respectively. The average trend of min. temperature during the four seasons also increases with magnitude of +0.29, +0.12, +0.36 and +0.36 °C/decade, respectively. Persistence of the increasing trend is more pronounced in the min. temperature as compared to the max. temperature on annual basis. Analysis of rainfall data has not shown any noteworthy trend during winter, fall and on annual basis. However during spring and summer season, the rainfall trends vary from -1.15 to +0.93 and -3.86 to +2.46 mm/decade, respectively. It is further revealed that rainfall trends during all seasons are statistically non-significant. Overall the study area is under a significant warming trend with no changes in rainfall.
13 Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Ahmad, Waqas; Simmons, R. 2014. Household sewage disposal systems and their impact on groundwater quality in peri-urban Faisalabad, Pakistan [Abstract only] In Maheshwari, B. L.; Simmons, B.; Thoradeniya, B. Proceedings of the International Conference on Peri-Urban Landscapes: Water, Food and Environmental Security. Penrith, New South Wales, Australia: University of Western Sydney. pp.30.
Waste disposal ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Periurban areas ; Households ; Sanitation / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046863)
(0.82 MB)
14 Awan, U. K.; Anwar, Arif; Ahmad, Waqas; Hafeez, M. 2016. A methodology to estimate equity of canal water and groundwater use at different spatial and temporal scales: a geo-informatics approach. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(5):1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4976-4]
Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater irrigation ; Equity ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Water use ; Water scarcity ; Water requirements ; Water demand ; River basins ; Basin irrigation ; Farmers ; Evapotranspiration / Pakistan / India / Indus River Basin / Hakra Branch Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047450)
(1.54 MB)
Indus basin irrigation system (IBIS) is one of the largest contiguous irrigation systems of the world. The surface canal water supplies are far less than the crop water demands which lead farmers to use groundwater to cope surface water scarcity. Although many studies in the IBIS are conducted to analyze the equitable distribution of canal water, there is hardly any study which comprehensively analyze the equitable use of canal water and groundwater at different spatial and temporal scales. One of the main reasons is lack of reliable information on the volume of groundwater abstraction. The objective of the current study is to develop an approach for estimating the equity of canal water and groundwater use at different spatial (canal command, distributaries, head, middle and tail end reaches) and temporal (daily, monthly and seasonal) scales of Hakra canal command area of IBIS. Results show that canal water and groundwater use to meet actual evapotranspiration is 34 and 42 %, respectively, which makes groundwater as an integral part of the large canal irrigation schemes of IBIS. The canal water and groundwater use varies significantly during the cropping colander. The maximum groundwater use is during May (51 mm) whereas the maximum canal water use is during August (24 mm). Farmers located at the head end reaches of Hakra canal use 42 % groundwater of total groundwater use whereas farmers located at the middle and tail end reaches use only 35 and 23 %, respectively. The canal water use at the head, middle and tail end reaches is 40, 34 and 26 %, respectively. These results show that the farmers located at the head of Hakra canal command area use more canal water and groundwater as compared to those located at the middle and tail end reaches. This methodology can provide guidelines to water managers in the region for equitable use of both canal water and groundwater.
15 Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif; Ahmad, Waqas; Shah, Muhammad Azeem; Khattak, M. S. 2019. Climate change evidence and community level autonomous adaptation measures in a canal irrigated agriculture system of Pakistan. Climate and Development, 11(3): 203-211. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2018.1442803]
Climate change adaptation ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigated farming ; Rain ; Farmers ; Agricultural production ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Water availability / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048815)
This paper predicts climate change pattern and outlines suitable adaptation strategies related to irrigated agricultural practices in Hakra Branch Canal Command (HBCC) of Pakistan. Climate change predictions were simulated using models perturbed with climatic data and A2 emission scenario. A biased correction method was applied to the simulated future climatic data. The study site reveals different nature of vulnerabilities to the changing climate based on climate change scenario downscaling. The variation in rainfall patterns, especially the seasonal shifts, would have likely impact on water availability for irrigation and subsequently on the crop growth. A detailed survey was conducted to investigate how farmers in HBCC perceive variations in weather patterns and the proposed adaptation measures. The statistical significance of farmers’ perceptions and decisions about adaptation measures are reported with regard to their location along the secondary canals. The literature offers a range of potential climate change adaptation measures to the farming community that sometimes are not coherent with the national policy and the local practice. Farmers generally feel it difficult to pick a suitable adaptation option that suits their particular conditions. This research proposes a simple yet robust criterion to prioritize the potential climate change adaptation measures. This criterion (colloquially known as 3P) is based on three subjective factors – i.e. policy, prevalence and practicability – and it could be scaled out to other areas where results of climate change studies are available.
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