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1 Funder, M.; Cossio, V.; Huong, P. T. M.; van Koppen, Barbara; Mweemba, C.; Nyambe, I.; Phuong, L. T. T.; Skielboe, T.; Soto, L. 2010. Strategies of the poorest in water conflict and cooperation: cases from Zambia, Vietnam and Nicaragua. In Institute of Water and Sanitation Development. 11th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 27-29 October 2010. IWRM for national and regional integration: where science, policy and practice meet: water and society. Harare, Zimbabwe: Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD). pp.75-95.

Water scarcity ; Poverty ; Households ; Water governance ; Water supply ; Pipes ; Equity ; Domestic water ; Irrigation water ; Villages ; Water rights ; Case studies / Zambia / Vietnam / Nicaragua / Qolque Khoya / Tarugani

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043402)

http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/11thSymposium/WaterandSocietyFullPapers2010.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043402.pdf

(0.20 MB)

As climate change unfolds, media stories often speak of a future dominated by large-scale water wars. Rather less attention has been paid to the way water conflict already plays out a local levels and form part of people’s everyday lives. Based on case study studies from Zambia, Vietnam and Nicaragua, the paper examines the strategies of poor households in local water competition. It is shown how poor households will engage actively in collaboration where possible, but that they may apply risk minimization strategies when faced with powerful adversaries in conflict situations. This includes refraining from explicit, direct opposition, drawing instead on other approaches such as relying on more influential parties to act in their interest. The paper further shows how dependency relationships between poor and wealthy households may limit the scope of action for the poorest, who are forced to refrain from defending their water resources in order to maintain wider socioeconomic ties with the very same households that oppose them in water conflicts. The paper concludes by briefly discussing the implications for local water governance from an equity perspective.

2 van Koppen, Barbara; Rojas, V. C.; Skielboe, T.. 2012. Project politics, priorities and participation in rural water schemes. Water Alternatives, 5(1):37-51.

Domestic water ; Water supply ; Multiple use ; Pipes ; Non governmental organizations ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation programs ; Equity ; Pumps ; Canals ; Women ; Case studies / Mali / Zambia / Bolivia / Vietnam

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045503)

http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=156
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045503.pdf

(0.49 MB) (503.88KB)

Governments, NGOs and financers invest considerable resources in rural domestic water supplies and irrigation development. However, elite capture and underuse, if not complete abandonment, are frequent. While the blame is often put on 'corrupt, lazy and indisciplined' communities, this article explores the question of how the public water sector itself contributes to this state of affairs. Four case studies, which are part of the research project Cooperation and Conflict in Local Water Governance, are examined: two domestic water supply projects (Mali, Vietnam); one participatory multiple use project (Zambia); and one large-scale irrigation project (Bolivia). It was found that accountability of water projects was upward and tended to lie in construction targets for single uses with already allocated funding. This rendered project implementers dependent upon the village elite for timely spending. Yet, the elite appeared hardly motivated to maintain communal schemes, unless they themselves benefited. The dependency of projects on the elite can be reduced by ensuring participatory and inclusive planning that meets the project’s conditions before budget allocation. Although such approaches are common outside the water sector, a barrier in the water sector is that central public funds are negotiated by each sector by profiling unique expertise and single livelihood goals, which trickle down as single use silos. The article concludes with reflections on plausible benefits of participatory multiple use services for equity and sustainability.

3 Funder, M.; Bustamante, R.; Cossio, V.; Huong, P. T. M.; van Koppen, Barbara; Mweemba, C.; Nyambe, I.; Phuong, L. T. T.; Skielboe, T.. 2012. Strategies of the poorest in local water conflict and cooperation – evidence from Vietnam, Bolivia and Zambia. Water Alternatives, 5(1): 20-36.

Poverty ; Water resources ; Water governance ; Water sharing ; Conflicts ; Cooperation ; Non governmental organizations ; Case studies ; Households ; Pipes ; Irrigation systems ; Reservoirs ; Villages ; Natural resources management / Vietnam / Bolivia / Zambia / Muchila

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045505)

http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=155
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045505.pdf

(0.46 MB) (474.91KB)

Media stories often speak of a future dominated by large-scale water wars. Rather less attention has been paid to the way water conflicts play out at local levels and form part of people’s everyday lives. Based on case study studies from Vietnam, Bolivia and Zambia, this paper examines the strategies of poor households in local water conflicts. It is shown how such households may not only engage actively in collaborative water management but may also apply risk aversion strategies when faced with powerful adversaries in conflict situations. It is further shown how dependency relations between poor and wealthy households can reduce the scope of action for the poor in water conflicts. As a result, poor households can be forced to abstain from defending their water resources in order to maintain socio-economic and political ties with the very same households that oppose them in water conflicts. The paper concludes by briefly discussing how the poorest can be supported in local water conflicts. This includes ensuring that alternative spaces for expressing grievances exist and are accessible; facilitating that water sharing agreements and rights are clearly stipulated and monitored; and working beyond water governance to reduce the socio-economic dependency-relations of poor households.