Your search found 11 records
1 Barker, R.; Levine, G. 2012. Water productivity in context: the experiences of Taiwan and the Philippines over the past half-century. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 25p. (IWMI Research Report 145) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2012.206]
Water management ; Water productivity ; Water saving ; Irrigation management ; Participatory management ; Institutions ; Irrigation development ; Irrigation systems ; Rotation irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Crops ; Rice ; Land consolidation / Taiwan / Philippines
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H045273)
(1.70MB)
As we enter an era of increasing water scarcity, there is a growing interest to find ways to capture and put water to more productive uses. Substantial increases in the productivity of water in agriculture are needed to meet the demands for food and ensure environmental security, and to satisfy the demands for non-agricultural uses. However, increasing water productivity in rice-dominated agriculture is a function of the irrigation infrastructure, advances in rice-plant breeding, and the physical, institutional and socioeconomic environments. This paper first describes the potential ways in which increased water productivity can be achieved in the context of rice production in Asia. It then illustrates the ways in which the differences in the environmental context affect the ability to increase water productivity, the approaches used and the incentives to do so. This is explained using two ‘case studies’ reflecting the experiences of Taiwan and the Philippines over the past half-century.
2 El-Agha, D. E.; Molden, David; Ghanem, A. M. 2011. Performance assessment of irrigation water management in old lands of the Nile Delta of Egypt. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 25(4):215-236. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-011-9116-z]
Irrigation water ; Water management ; Deltas ; Water saving ; Evapotranspiration ; Indicators ; Cropping patterns ; Water supply ; Water depletion ; Water productivity ; Canals ; Economic aspects / Egypt / Nile Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H045473)
http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/222/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10795-011-9116-z.pdf?auth66=1354689115_e0ae8e40ad7ce8470b7d3d9088e41ab3&ext=.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/h045473.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/h045473.pdf
(1.51 MB) (1.51MB)
This paper provides the methodology and results of a cross-scale diagnostic performance assessment program of the irrigation water management in the old lands of the Nile Delta of Egypt. The analysis was done at three levels; main canal level, branch canals level and on-farm level of the Meet Yazid command (82,740 ha) for the year 2008–2009 to highlight areas for improvement. At the main canal level the annual average percentage of irrigation water returning to drains and groundwater was 53% of the total water supplied. Since Meet Yazid lies at tail end of the delta, and there is groundwater salinity, opportunities for reuse are increasingly limited moving north to Lake Burullus. This would indicate opportunities for real water savings. The results of monthly relative water supply of the main canal indicated mismatch between demand and supply especially during the winter months, and when supply is low farmers do reuse drainage or groundwater. Also, the assessment of the three branch canals showed non-uniformity of water distribution and mismatch between demand and supply even when comparing improved and non-improved canals. At the on-farm level in paddy fields, the amount of irrigation flows to drains and saline sinks varied from 0.46 to 0.71 of inflow. In spite of these values of non-uniformity and low depleted fraction, the relative evapotranspiration (ratio of actual to potential) evaporation was uniformly high, indicating most crops of most farmers were not water stressed, which is also confirmed by the high yield values. The average values of productivity per unit water depleted by ETact were 1.04 and 1.05 kg/m 3 for rice and wheat fields, respectively, with yields of rice and wheat at 8 and 6 t per ha respectively. On farm and tertiary improvements alone will not yield real water savings, as excess water in the main canal and drains will continue to flow out of the system. Rather the focus should first be on supplies to the main canal, accompanied by more precise on farm and water delivery practices at branch and tertiary levels, and ensuring that environmental flows are met. There is an added advantage of focusing on this tail end region of Egypt that this response would lessen vulnerability to reuse of polluted and saline water.
3 Dukhovny, V.; Sokolov, V.; Manthrithilake, Herath; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Anarbekov, Oyture; Mirzaev, N.; Pinkhasov, M.; Alimjanov, A.; Mukhamedjanov, Sh; Nerozin, S.; Galustyan, A.; Khorst, M.; Stulina, G.; Ziganshina, D.; Masumov, R.; Kadyrov, A.; Umarov, P.; Begimov, I.; Khegay, V.; Tuchin, A.; Zherelyeva, S.; Roshenko, E. 2009. Integrated water resources management: putting good theory into real practice - Central Asian experience. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Scientific and Information Center of the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (SIC ICWC); Tashkent, Uzbekistan: GWP Caucasus and Central Asia (GWP CACENA). 381p.
Water resources ; Water management ; Hydrology ; Water users ; Water use ; Monitoring ; Water conservation ; Water demand ; Water allocation ; Water distribution systems ; Information systems ; Water governance ; Water productivity ; Water saving ; Land productivity ; Indicators ; International waters ; Irrigation systems ; Water user associations ; Drainage ; Farmers ; Extension activities ; Social mobility ; Crop yields ; Valley ; Legislation ; Water policy ; Economic aspects ; Capacity building ; Climate change / Central Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045575)
http://www.gwp.org/Global/GWP-CACENA_Files/en/pdf/iwrm_monograph_e.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045575.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045575.pdf
(7.05 MB) (7.05MB)
4 Mathur, G. N.; Chawla, A. S. (Eds.) 2005. Water for sustainable development - towards innovative solutions: proceedings of the XII World Water Congress, New Delhi, India, 22-25 November 2005. Vol. 2. New Delhi, India: Central Board of Irrigation and Power; Montpellier, France: International Water Resources Association (IWRA). 320p.
Water resources ; Ecosystems ; Watersheds ; Water quality ; Water supply ; Water use efficiency ; Sanitation ; Water storage ; Dams ; Water distribution ; Water saving ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Rural development ; Bioenergy ; Socioeconomic environment ; Irrigation development ; Irrigation systems ; Drip irrigation ; Groundwater recharge ; Artificial recharge ; GIS ; Remote sensing ; Case studies / Bangladesh / Canada / India / China / Lebanon / Sylhet City / Southwest saskatchewan / Beijing / Bandal / Madhya Ganga Canal Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 MAT Record No: H045958)
(0.44 MB)
5 Akbar, S.; Abbas, A.; Hanjra, M. A.; Khan, S. 2013. Structured analysis of seepage losses in irrigation supply channels for cost-effective investments: case studies from the southern Murray-Darling Basin of Australia. Irrigation Science, 31(1):11-25. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0290-4]
Seepage loss ; River basins ; Drought ; Rain ; Irrigation systems ; Models ; Policy ; Groundwater ; Water table ; Water rates ; Water saving / Australia / Murray-Darling Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H046018)
(1.05 MB)
Much of inland Australia has been in perpetual drought since 1997 except during 2010 when above average rainfall occurred. It has been the worst drought since 1788 when European settlement began. Water scarcity poses a serious threat to the sustainability of the irrigated agriculture in major irrigation systems across the MurrayDarling Basin (MDB). There is a need for water-saving measures and a structured approach to assess water loss in earthen supply channels. This paper presents such an approach to assess and reduce seepage losses for improving irrigation ef ciencies. Main elements of this approach are the following: eld measurements, hydrologic modelling, potential options for seepage reduction, economic analysis and nancing water-saving investments. Using data from two irrigation systems in the southern MDB, a case is made for reducing seepage water losses in irrigation supply channels in a cost-effective manner using low-cost technologies. Increasing the level of security for investments in water-saving programs provides incentives to key stakeholders to achieve water-saving targets. Considering the value of water recovered from reducing seepage loss at irrigation system level, this study demonstrates how reducing just one component (seepage) from the total water losses in irrigation systems can help improve water supplies as well as the environmental ows. Potential options for nancing infrastructure improvement for saving irrigation water are proposed and discussed.
6 Ahmad, M. D.; Masih, I.; Giordano, Mark. 2014. Constraints and opportunities for water savings and increasing productivity through Resource Conservation Technologies in Pakistan. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 187:106-115. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.07.003]
Water saving ; Water productivity ; Resource conservation ; Technology ; Cropping systems ; Rice ; Wheat ; Tillage ; Groundwater irrigation ; Water use ; Water balance / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046050)
(1.91 MB)
Increasing the productivity of rice–wheat cropping systems is critical for meeting food demand in rapidly growing South Asia. But this must be done with increasingly scarce water resources, bringing greater attention to Resource Conservation Technologies (RCTs) such as zero tillage, laser land leveling and furrow bed planting. While the impacts of RCTs on yields are easy to measure and explain, impacts on water savings are not well understood beyond the field scale because of the complex movement of water. This paper uses both physical measurements and farmer survey data from the rice–wheat cropping system of Punjab, Pakistan to explain the main drivers of RCT adoption and their impacts on land and water productivity and water savings across scales. The primary drivers for RCT adoption (zero tillage wheat and laser land leveling) were reduced costs of production and labor requirements, reduced field scale irrigation water application, and higher yield. While the large proportion of farmers benefiting from RCTs explains overall increases in RCT adoption, a considerable proportion (30% of zero tillage adopters for wheat cultivation) reported yield loss, highlighting the need for further technological refinement and enhancing farmers’ ability to implement RCT. The study also indicates that the field scale reduction in irrigation application did not always translate into real water savings or reductions in water use at farm, cropping system and catchment scales, especially in areas where deep percolation from the root zone could be reused as groundwater irrigation. Finally, the evidence shows that medium and large farmers tended to use the field scale irrigation savings to increase their cropped area. This finding suggests that without regulations and policies to regulate the use of “saved” water, adoption of RCTs can result in overall increased water use with implications for the long-term sustainability of irrigated agriculture.
7 Ahmad, R. N.; Arshad, M.; Hanjra, M. A. 2013. Water conservation interventions in Pakistan agriculture for achieving food security: synthesis and new evidence. In Ali, H. (Ed.). Irrigation management, technologies and environmental impact. New York, NY, USA:Nova Science Publishers. pp.129-157.
Water management ; Water conservation ; Water saving ; Technology ; Water productivity ; Watercourses ; Water shortage ; Agricultural production ; Food security ; Irrigation water ; Irrigated sites ; Irrigation systems ; Surface irrigation ; Furrow irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Land leveling ; Tillage ; Farming systems ; Cropping patterns ; Intercropping ; Policy / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046057)
(0.37 MB)
Conserving water, preserving land can make a sterling contribution towards achieving food security in Pakistan. Water competition among agriculture and other sectors is intensifying the need to conserve irrigation water through productivity enhancing interventions for boosting food production and supporting rural livelihoods. Water conservation interventions are everywhere, yet social and economic incentives are lacking for their adoption and up scaling for revitalizing irrigation, and to support socioeconomic transformation and uplift the standard of living across South Asian countries – where bulk of the world’s irrigation is concentrated and holds huge importance for food security and peace in the region. There is also a need to understand the impacts of these interventions and economic incentives in terms of enhancement in productivity, crop output, input use, economic returns, gender empowerment and social equity effects for various crop-mix, farm-size and social classes which condition and mediate the technology adoption decisions. Such comprehensive analysis of water conservation investments is yet to be done. This chapter presents a synthesis of water conservation interventions with emphasis on the Indus Basin where bulk of Pakistan agriculture is concentrated. The interventions include: watercourse improvement program; laser land leveling; bed and furrow irrigation/bed planting; raised bed technology; permanent raised beds; reduced or zero tillage; drip/irrigation; and sprinkler system. Synthesis and new evidence is drawn from a number of resource conservation projects and interventions implemented at farmer fields in a number of settings across the Basin. Data shows that these interventions conserve water and other inputs, boost crop yield and output, and improve food security and livelihoods of the farmers. In particular, new evidence shows that bed furrow planting system improves crop yield for wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton and offers practical opportunities for producing “more crop per drop” and contributing towards achieving food security in Pakistan.
8 Mushtaq, S.; Khan, S.; Hafeez, M.; Hanjra, M. A. 2009. Does reliability of water resources matter in the adoption of water-saving irrigation practices?: a case study in the Zhanghe Irrigation System, China. Water Policy, 11(6):661-679. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.033]
Water resources ; Water saving ; Water productivity ; Irrigation systems ; Case studies ; Ponds ; Reservoirs ; Farmers ; Models ; Soil moisture / China / Zhanghe Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H046093)
(0.30 MB)
The aim of the study was to determine whether the reliability of water sources is important in the adoption of water-saving irrigation practices (WSI). It was hypothesized that access to reliable water sources such as water ponds would increase the likelihood of practicing alternate wetting and drying (AWD) for rice cultivation. While it seems intuitively reasonable to assume that farmer’s ability to access reliable water sources would reduce the risk involved in letting the paddy field dry temporarily, and therefore encourage the adoption of AWD, this study found no solid empirical evidence to support the proposition. However, weaker empirical evidence shows that access to reliable water supply from local ponds positively influences AWD practices. The results show that the adoption of AWD is not driven by farmer’s self choice but rather that they are adopting AWD to mitigate risk in the face of increasing water scarcity. The result suggests that water-saving irrigation training and farm size or land distribution system have an important role in the adoption of AWD practices. The policy implication of this research is that imposing institutional water scarcity could be a way to promote the adoption of water-saving irrigation practices.
9 Ghazouani, W.; Molle, Francois; Rap, E. 2012. Water users associations in the NEN [Near East and North Africa] Region: IFAD interventions and overall dynamics. [Project report submitted to IFAD by IWMI] Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 153p.
Water user associations ; Research projects ; Water management ; Water saving ; Water supply ; Conflict ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation schemes ; Community involvement ; Spate irrigation ; Water springs ; Wells ; Policy ; Financing ; Costs / Central Asia / Caucasus / Middle East / Yemen / Sudan / Turkey / North Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046140)
http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/water_cooperation_2013/pdf/water_users_associations_in_nen_region.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046140.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046140.pdf
(1.91 MB) (1.98MB)
10 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Ranganathan, C. R.; Nagothu, U. S.; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy. 2014. Climate change and agriculture in India: studies from selected river basins. New Delhi, India: Routledge. 339p.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Agricultural production ; Crops ; Rice ; Cropping patterns ; River basins ; Technology ; Costs ; Financing ; Water management ; Water availability ; Water use ; Water saving ; Water User Associations ; Socioeconomic environment ; Impact assessment ; Income ; Supplemental irrigation ; Wells ; Models ; Land use ; Seasonality ; Indicators / India / Godavari River Basin / Krishna River Basin / Cauvery River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.19 G635 KUP Record No: H046228)
(0.29 MB)
11 Bourblanc, M. 2017. State transformation and policy networks: the challenging implementation of new water policy paradigms in post-apartheid South Africa. Water Alternatives, 10(2):303-321.
Water policy ; Water demand ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water saving ; Water use efficiency ; Hydraulics ; Public administration ; Public-private cooperation ; Policy making ; Decision making ; Dams / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048166)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol10/v10issue2/357-a10-2-7/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048166.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048166.pdf
(830 KB)
For many years, South Africa had represented a typical example of a hydrocracy. Following the democratic transition in South Africa, however, new policy paradigms emerged, supported by new political elites from the ANC. A reform of the water policy was one of the priorities of the new Government, but with little experience in water management, they largely relied on 'international best practices' in the water sector, although some of these international principles did not perfectly fit the South African water sector landscape. In parallel, a reform called 'transformation' took place across all public organisations with the aim of allowing public administrations to better reflect the racial components in South African society. As a result, civil engineers lost most of their power within the Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation (DWS). However, despite these changes, demand-side management has had difficulties in materializing on the ground. The paper aims at discussing the resilience of supply-side management within the Ministry, despite its new policy orientation. Using a policy network concept, the paper shows that the supply-side approach still prevails today, due to the outsourcing of most DWS tasks to consulting firms with whom DWS engineers have nourished a privileged relationship since the 1980s. The article uses the decision-making process around the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) Phase 2 as an emblematic case study to illustrate such developments. This policy network, which has enjoyed so much influence over DWS policies and daily activities, is now being contested. As a consequence, we argue that the fate of the LHWP Phase 2 is ultimately linked to a competition between this policy network and a political one.
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