Your search found 5 records
1 El-Agha, D. E.; Molden, David; Ghanem, A. M. 2011. Performance assessment of irrigation water management in old lands of the Nile Delta of Egypt. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 25(4):215-236. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-011-9116-z]
Irrigation water ; Water management ; Deltas ; Water saving ; Evapotranspiration ; Indicators ; Cropping patterns ; Water supply ; Water depletion ; Water productivity ; Canals ; Economic aspects / Egypt / Nile Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H045473)
http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/222/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10795-011-9116-z.pdf?auth66=1354689115_e0ae8e40ad7ce8470b7d3d9088e41ab3&ext=.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/h045473.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/h045473.pdf
(1.51 MB) (1.51MB)
This paper provides the methodology and results of a cross-scale diagnostic performance assessment program of the irrigation water management in the old lands of the Nile Delta of Egypt. The analysis was done at three levels; main canal level, branch canals level and on-farm level of the Meet Yazid command (82,740 ha) for the year 2008–2009 to highlight areas for improvement. At the main canal level the annual average percentage of irrigation water returning to drains and groundwater was 53% of the total water supplied. Since Meet Yazid lies at tail end of the delta, and there is groundwater salinity, opportunities for reuse are increasingly limited moving north to Lake Burullus. This would indicate opportunities for real water savings. The results of monthly relative water supply of the main canal indicated mismatch between demand and supply especially during the winter months, and when supply is low farmers do reuse drainage or groundwater. Also, the assessment of the three branch canals showed non-uniformity of water distribution and mismatch between demand and supply even when comparing improved and non-improved canals. At the on-farm level in paddy fields, the amount of irrigation flows to drains and saline sinks varied from 0.46 to 0.71 of inflow. In spite of these values of non-uniformity and low depleted fraction, the relative evapotranspiration (ratio of actual to potential) evaporation was uniformly high, indicating most crops of most farmers were not water stressed, which is also confirmed by the high yield values. The average values of productivity per unit water depleted by ETact were 1.04 and 1.05 kg/m 3 for rice and wheat fields, respectively, with yields of rice and wheat at 8 and 6 t per ha respectively. On farm and tertiary improvements alone will not yield real water savings, as excess water in the main canal and drains will continue to flow out of the system. Rather the focus should first be on supplies to the main canal, accompanied by more precise on farm and water delivery practices at branch and tertiary levels, and ensuring that environmental flows are met. There is an added advantage of focusing on this tail end region of Egypt that this response would lessen vulnerability to reuse of polluted and saline water.
2 Molle, Francois; Gaafar, I.; El-Agha, D. E.; Rap, Edwin. 2016. Irrigation efficiency and the Nile Delta water balance. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 53p.
Irrigation efficiency ; Water balance ; Water reuse ; Water use ; Groundwater management ; Rain ; Deltas ; Rivers ; Drainage ; Aquifers ; Recharge ; Evapotranspiration ; Evaporation ; Pumping ; Domestic water ; Industrial uses ; Irrigated farming ; Aquaculture ; Ponds / Egypt / Nile Delta / Nile River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048253)
(6.18 MB)
3 Molle, Francois; Rap, Edwin; El-Agha, D. E.; Zaki, N.; El-Gamal, T.; Hassan, W.; Meleha, M.; Yassa, E.; Ismail, E. 2013. An exploratory survey of water management in the Meet Yazid Canal command area of the Nile Delta. Draft final report. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 124p.
Water management ; Water supply ; Water levels ; Water reuse ; Water policy ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Wastewater treatment ; Deltas ; Canals ; Surveys ; Socioeconomic environment ; Administrative structures ; Drainage systems ; Groundwater ; Cropping systems ; Farming systems ; Land use ; Aquaculture / Egypt / Nile Delta / Yazid Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048359)
(6.50 MB)
4 Molle, Francois; Gaafar, I.; El-Agha, D. E.; Rap, Edwin. 2018. The Nile Delta’s water and salt balances and implications for management. Agricultural Water Management, 197:110-121. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.11.016]
Water balance ; Salinity ; Water management ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Groundwater extraction ; Drainage water ; Water reuse ; Evaporation ; Evapotranspiration ; Irrigation efficiency ; Pumping ; Rivers ; Flow discharge ; Deltas ; Coastal area / Egypt / Nile Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048576)
(2.69 MB)
The Nile Delta and its 2.27 million ha of irrigated land makes up two thirds of Egypt’s agricultural land. It is also the terminal part of a river basin that spans and feeds 11 countries. Increases in dam and irrigation development in upstream parts of the basin is poised to conflict with agricultural expansion and population growth in Egypt. Understanding where and how waters comes into and leaves the delta is therefore a crucial question for the future of the country. This paper revisits the surface and groundwater balances of the delta, emphasizes the additional relevance of drainage water reuse and of the salt balance, and evidences a relative stability of the outflow to the sea over the past 30 years. Various reasons for such a phenomenon and the scope for saving water are explored and discussed. The confusion between plot-level and delta-level efficiency and the relatively limited gains possible are emphasized. Beyond the overall water balance and quantitative issues, water management in the delta remains a complex task of spatially distributing the resource over a complex ramified network. Finally, limitations in the analysis related to data availability and accuracy are emphasized.
5 Shalby, A.; Emara, S. R.; Metwally, M. I.; Armanuos, A. M.; El-Agha, D. E.; Negm, A. M.; Gado, T. A. 2023. Satellite-based estimates of groundwater storage depletion over Egypt. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(5):594. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11171-3]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051869)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10661-023-11171-3.pdf?pdf=button
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051869.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051869.pdf
(5.76 MB) (5.76 MB)
An arid climate accompanied by a freshwater shortage plagued Egypt. It has resorted to groundwater reserves to meet the increasing water demands. Fossil aquifers were lately adopted as the sole water source to provide the irrigation water requirements of the ongoing reclamation activities in barren areas. Yet, the scarcity of measurements regarding the changes in the aquifers’ storage poses a great challenge to such sustainable resource management. In this context, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission enables a novel consistent approach to deriving aquifers’ storage changes. In this study, the GRACE monthly solutions during the period 2003–2021 were utilized to estimate alterations in terrestrial water storage (TWS) throughout Egypt. Changes in groundwater storage (GWS) were inferred by subtracting soil water content, derived from the GLDAS-NOAH hydrological model, from the retrieved TWS. The secular trends in TWS and GWS were obtained using the linear least square method, while the non-parametric technique (Mann–Kendall’s tau) was applied to check the trend significance. The derived changes in GWS showed that all aquifers are undergoing a significant loss rate in their storage. The average depletion rate over the Sinai Peninsula was estimated at 0.64 ± 0.03 cm/year, while the depletion rate over the Nile delta aquifer was 0.32 ± 0.03 cm/year. During the investigated period (2003–2021), the extracted groundwater quantity from the Nubian aquifer in the Western Desert is estimated at nearly 7.25 km3. The storage loss from the Moghra aquifer has significantly increased from 32 Mm3/year (2003–2009) to 262 Mm3/year (2015–2021). This reflects the aquifer exposure for extensive water pumping to irrigate newly cultivated lands. The derived findings on the aquifers’ storage losses provide a vital source of information for the decision-makers to be employed for short- and long-term groundwater management.
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