Your search found 20 records
1 Bahri, Akissa. 2008. Case studies in Middle Eastern and North African countries. In Jimenez, B.; Asano, T. (Eds.). Water reuse: an international survey of current practice, issues and needs. London, UK: IWA Publishing. pp.558-591. (IWA Scientific and Technical Report 20)
Water reuse ; Policy ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Case studies / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Egypt / Iran / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Libya / Morocco / Oman / Palestine / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Syria / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Yemen
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 JIM Record No: H041555)
2 Research Institute for Groundwater (RIGW); IWACO B. V., Consultants for Water and Environment. (Eds.) 1991. Planning for groundwater development in arid and semi-arid regions. Cairo, Egypt: Research Institute for Groundwater (RIGW).; Rotterdam, The Netherlands: IWACO B. V., Consultants for Water and Environment. 310p.
Planning ; Groundwater development ; Groundwater management ; Arid zones ; Aquifers ; Water resource management ; Water supply ; River basins ; Environmental impact assessment ; Hydrogeology ; Suburban agriculture ; Deserts ; Economic evaluation ; Remote sensing ; GIS ; Irrigation systems ; Population growth / Egypt / Bahrain / Botswana / Burkina Faso / Chad / Jordan / Libya / Pakistan / Saudi Arabia / United Arab Emirates / Yemen / Nubian sandstone aquifer / Nile Delta / Moghra aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9104 G000 RES Record No: H044492)
(0.52 MB)
3 Wetzelhuetter, C. (Ed.) 2013. Groundwater in the coastal zones of Asia-Pacific. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 382p. (Coastal Research Library Volume 7)
Coastal area ; Hydrogeology ; Models ; Salt water intrusion ; Aquifers ; Sea level ; Groundwater development ; Groundwater management ; Ecosystems ; NMR spectroscopy ; Geochemistry ; Chemical control ; Water quality ; Case studies / Asia-Pacific / China / USA / Hawaii / India / Australia / Thailand / Malaysia / New Zealand / United Arab Emirates / Hainan / Andhra Pradesh / West Bengal / Oahu / Eyre Peninsula / Songkhla / Uley Basin / Willunga Basin / Manukan Island / Kapas Island / Godavari Delta / Carnarvon / Gascoyne River / Yanzhoy River / Sanjiang River / Yanfeng River / Xi River / Wadi Ham Aquifer / Cook Islands / Pukapuka Atoll
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.457 G570 WET Record No: H046324)
(0.31 MB)
4 Sheriff, M.; Almulla, M.; Shetty, A. 2013. Seawater intrusion assessment and mitigation in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham. In Wetzelhuetter, C. (Ed.). Groundwater in the coastal zones of Asia-Pacific. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.271-294. (Coastal Research Library Volume 7)
Salt water intrusion ; Assessment ; Coastal area ; Aquifers ; Groundwater ; Water levels ; Models ; Calibration ; Hydrogeology ; Geology ; Pumping ; Artificial recharge ; Wells / United Arab Emirates / Wadi Ham Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.457 G570 WET Record No: H046337)
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) typifies an arid environment with limited freshwater resources and harsh climatic conditions. Rainfall is scarce, random and can be regarded as an integral element of the water resources at UAE. Groundwater resources, although non-renewable, contribute by more than 50 % of the total water demand in the country. Due to the excessive pumping of groundwater to meet the agriculture demands, groundwater levels have declined in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham and the quality of the water has deteriorated due to the seawater intrusion problem. In this study, MODFLOW and MT3D are employed to simulate the groundwater flow and assess the seawater intrusion problem in Wadi Ham and possible mitigation measures. The flow model was calibrated and validated through comparisons with two independent sets of data collected over periods of 5 and 11 years, respectively. The results of the transport model were calibrated against available groundwater concentrations at some locations. The developed model is then used to study the effects of pumping and artificial recharge on seawater intrusion. Results indicated that reducing the pumping from Khalba well field will retard the seawater intrusion in the southeastern part of the aquifer. Applying artificial recharge through a surface basin of 100 × 100 m at a rate of 1 m/day will cause equi-concentration contour line 10,000 mg/l to retreat about 1.25 km towards the coast within a period of 12 years.
5 Pitman, G. K.; McDonnell, R.; Dawoud, M. (Eds.) 2009. Abu Dhabi water resources master plan. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi (EAD). 219p.
Water resources development ; Water management ; Water availability ; Water Supply ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Water demand ; Environmental effects ; Environmental management ; Pollution ; Wastewater treatment ; Water conservation ; Desalination ; Water quality ; Energy ; Economic aspects ; Irrigation ; Agriculture ; Livestock ; Ecosystems ; Marine environment ; Households ; Legal aspects / United Arab Emirates / Abu Dhabi / Al Ain / Liwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G754 PIT Record No: H046443)
https://www.ead.ae/_data/global/abu%20dhabi%20water%20resources%20master%20plan%20-%20english%20reduced%20file%20size.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046443.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046443.pdf
(21.57 MB) (21.5 MB)
6 UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme. 2015. Facing the challenges: case studies and indicators. UNESCO’s contribution to The United Nations World Water Development Report 2015. Paris, France: UNESCO. 75p.
Groundwater ; Water management ; Water resources ; Sustainable development ; Case studies ; River basins ; Development projects ; Participatory approaches ; Recycling ; Freshwater ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Salt water intrusion ; Indicators ; Demography ; Urban areas ; Households ; Human nutrition ; Hunger ; Electricity ; Land use ; Environmental effects ; Natural disasters / Asia / Pacific Islands / Brazil / Saudi Arabia / Kuwait / United Arab Emirates / Qatar / Bahrain / Oman / Italy / Samoa / Singapore / Vietnam / Parana River basin / Mekong Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047013)
(3.08 MB) (3.08 MB)
7 Borgomeo, Edoardo; Santos, N. 2019. Towards a new generation of policies and investments in agricultural water in the Arab region: fertile ground for innovation. Background paper prepared for the high level meeting on agricultural water policies and investments. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 124p.
Agricultural sector ; Water management ; Water policy ; Agricultural policies ; Irrigation investment ; Funding ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Agricultural development ; Food policies ; Food security ; Water security ; Water supply ; Water scarcity ; Water governance ; Water productivity ; Water user associations ; Water resources ; Groundwater ; Climate change ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Innovation ; Technology ; Solar energy ; Public-private partnerships ; Economic value ; Social protection ; Gender ; Farmers ; Case studies / Arab Region / Algeria / Bahrain / Comoros / Djibouti / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Somalia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / West Bank and Gaza / Yemen
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049659)
(2.64 MB) (2.64 MB)
The Arab region needs a new generation of policies and investments in agricultural water. Agricultural water management has always posed challenges and opportunities in the Arab world. However, unprecedented and accelerating drivers such as climate change, population growth, and land degradation make agricultural water management a more urgent priority than ever before. In addition, as part of the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development, Arab countries have committed to work towards an ambitious set of development targets, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Unless the right policies and investments are put in place, it will be difficult to achieve the SDGs, including ending hunger and providing clean water and sanitation for all.
This paper is part of an ongoing collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Water Management Institute to foster dialogue on agricultural water policies and investments in the context of the FAO led Regional Water Scarcity initiative. The purpose of the paper is to frame the key challenges and opportunities in the sector – including emerging innovations in digital agriculture, water accounting, water supply and wastewater reuse – and to lay out broad strategic directions for action.
This paper is part of an ongoing collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Water Management Institute to foster dialogue on agricultural water policies and investments in the context of the FAO led Regional Water Scarcity initiative. The purpose of the paper is to frame the key challenges and opportunities in the sector – including emerging innovations in digital agriculture, water accounting, water supply and wastewater reuse – and to lay out broad strategic directions for action.
8 Saidin, M. I. S.; O’Neill, J. 2022. Climate change and the diversification of green social capital in the international political economy of the Middle East and North Africa: a review article. Sustainability, 14(7):3756. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073756]
Climate change ; Diversification ; Social capital ; Political aspects ; Renewable energy ; Natural resources ; Economic growth ; Sustainability ; Water scarcity ; Urbanization ; Ecological factors ; Policies ; Conflicts / Middle East / North Africa / United Arab Emirates / Abu Dhabi / Masdar City
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051045)
(0.25 MB) (252 KB)
This article critically reviews the idea of economic diversification of green social capital in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) through renewable and sustainable energy projects that strive to tackle climate change and alleviate the negative consequences of human interaction in the ecological system. The western dominance and monopolisation of natural resources has caused an unlevel playing field for development, economic advancement and climate change in the region through the imbalance of power in the oil market. The reliance on oil could affect the development in the region with long-term financial recession due to heavy reliance on the resource. These challenges posit a question for the Middle East: (1) how can the region adopt a transition to a diverse economic framework that is less reliant on oil, and (2) since the phenomenon of climate change does not discriminate its adverse effects on the global community, including the aspect of international political economy in the region, in what ways are the MENA nations planning to stimulate sustainable economic development via green social capital? Our review for these issues is based on a qualitative approach and is methodologically centred upon selected case studies and document analysis of literature on economic diversification and sustainable ecological innovations via green social capital enterprises in the MENA region. We argue that green social capital, as opposed to traditional capitalism, has positive effects in the MENA region such as creating new job opportunities, boosting the economy and developing knowledge on climate change. The green social capital approach is viewed to continue to have positive results in the region through investment, the collaboration between the public sector and private enterprises and creating innovative ideas. Green social capital is not perfect by any means, but the method is diverse from traditional capitalism which can benefit the population in the global south, particularly in the MENA region.
9 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.) 2022. Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 292p. (Also in Arabic) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.225]
Water reuse ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water scarcity ; Wastewater management ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Resource recovery ; Cost recovery ; Municipal wastewater ; Water quality standards ; Regulations ; Guidelines ; Planning ; Risk management ; Water policies ; Water governance ; Water supply ; Irrigation water ; Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Wadi ; Farmers ; Gender mainstreaming ; Gender equality ; Women ; Institutional development ; Governmental organizations ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Funding ; Business models ; Population growth ; Urbanization ; Migration ; Health ; Case studies / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Palestine / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Yemen / Marrakech Wastewater Treatment Plant / Boukhalef Wastewater Treatment Plant / Sfax Sud Wastewater Treatment Plant / Ouardanine Wastewater Treatment Plant / Jericho Wastewater Treatment Plant / Tala Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant / Wadi Musa Wastewater Treatment Plant / Al Wathbah-2 Wastewater Treatment Plant / Jebel Ali Wastewater Treatment Plant / Abu Dhabi Irrigation Scheme / Sadd al Ahmar Alfalfa Irrigation Area / West Bank / El Hajeb / Dubai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051502)
(5.76 MB)
10 Kizhisseri, M. I.; Mohamed, M. M.; Hamouda, M. A. 2022. A mixed-integer optimization model for water sector planning and policy making in arid regions. Water Resources and Industry, 28:100193. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2022.100193]
Water supply ; Water resources ; Water management ; Models ; Sustainability ; Arid regions ; Infrastructure ; Water demand ; Waste water treatment plants ; Decision making ; Environmental impact ; Economic value ; Carbon footprint ; Drinking water ; Integrated water resources management ; Policy making ; Case studies / United Arab Emirates / Abu Dhabi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051561)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212371722000269/pdfft?md5=4d05b66377e0e6c1e30182bb85952d03&pid=1-s2.0-S2212371722000269-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051561.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051561.pdf
(5.71 MB) (5.71 MB)
Water sector planning and policy making in arid and semi-arid regions are challenging because many drivers and decision criteria require consideration. In this study, a multi-period mixed-integer linear programming model was developed to integrate and economically evaluate water management options for water supply in arid regions. The applicability of the proposed approach was demonstrated through a case study in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (EAD), United Arab Emirates. The model was programmed in general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) and solved using the Cplex solver. The model determined the optimal economic and environmental costs, capacity expansion of treatment plants and water transmission systems, and other environmental aspects including the carbon footprint and brine discharge. Results show that the capacity contribution of reverse osmosis for desalination is expected to increase from 5.1% in 2021 to 18.1% in 2050. Based on the model's results for the case study, it was concluded that even with moderate consideration of environmental aspects, desalination plants in the EAD need a major technology transformation from thermal desalination to reverse osmosis The proposed model is proved to be effective for integrated water resources management and infrastructure planning in the EAD, and has the potential for effective application in other arid or semi-arid countries.
11 Lahham, N.; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Orabi, Mohamed O. M.; Brouziyne, Youssef. 2022. Context and drivers of water reuse in MENA. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.). Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.3-14.
Water reuse ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Agriculture ; Intensification ; Population growth ; Urbanization ; Wastewater treatment / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Palestine / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Yemen
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051736)
(200 KB)
12 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Orabi, Mohamed O. M. 2022. Wastewater production, treatment and reuse in MENA: untapped opportunities?. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.). Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.15-42.
Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Municipal wastewater ; Composition ; Resource recovery ; Effluents ; Pollutants ; Treatment plants ; Water scarcity ; Water pollution ; Population ; Health hazards / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Palestine / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Yemen
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051737)
(887 KB)
13 Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Kodua, T.; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier. 2022. Cost of water reuse projects in MENA and cost recovery mechanisms. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.). Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.63-78.
Water reuse ; Projects ; Cost recovery ; Economic analysis ; Cost benefit analysis ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Agriculture ; Landscaping ; Investment ; Potable water ; Prices ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge / Middle East / North Africa / Jordan / Morocco / Tunisia / Egypt / United Arab Emirates / Palestine / Oman
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051739)
(339 KB)
14 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier. 2022. A selection of outstanding water reuse cases in MENA - Section 3: introduction. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.). Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.172-175.
Water reuse ; Case studies ; Projects ; Wastewater treatment plants / Middle East / North Africa / Morocco / Tunisia / Palestine / Jordan / United Arab Emirates / West Bank
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051745)
(159 KB)
15 Dawoud, M. 2022. Al Wathbah-2 Wastewater Treatment Plant and Abu Dhabi Irrigation Scheme: United Arab Emirates. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.). Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.255-267.
Wastewater treatment plants ; Irrigation schemes ; Water reuse ; Projects ; Stakeholders ; Funding ; Financing ; Cost recovery ; Discharge ; Environmental factors ; Gender equality ; Women / United Arab Emirates / Al Wathbah-2 Wastewater Treatment Plant / Abu Dhabi Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051753)
(493 KB)
16 Dawoud, M. 2022. Jebel Ali Wastewater Treatment Plant and Dubai water reuse: United Arab Emirates. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.). Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.268-278.
Wastewater treatment plants ; Water reuse ; Projects ; Policies ; Stakeholders ; Funding ; Financing ; Cost recovery ; Environmental factors ; Gender equality ; Women ; Case studies / United Arab Emirates / Dubai / Jebel Ali Wastewater Treatment Plant
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051754)
(330 KB)
17 Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Orabi, Mohamed O. M. 2023. Spatially Explicit Wastewater Generation and Tracking (SEWAGE-TRACK) in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Science of the Total Environment, 875:162421. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162421]
Wastewater treatment ; Municipal wastewater ; Rural areas ; Population ; Datasets ; Water productivity ; Estimation ; Models ; Water reuse ; Water availability ; Groundwater recharge ; Coastal areas / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Palestine / Yemen / West Bank
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051814)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723010379/pdfft?md5=82d74b7a49632b1eb1e88e5793e98775&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969723010379-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051814.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051814.pdf
(2.10 MB) (2.10 MB)
This study developed the SEWAGE-TRACK model for disaggregating lumped national wastewater generation estimates using population datasets and quantifying rural and urban wastewater generation and fate. The model allocates wastewater into riparian, coastal, and inland components and summarizes the fate of wastewater into productive (direct and indirect reuse) and unproductive components for 19 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As per the national estimates, 18.4 km3 of municipal wastewater generated in 2015, was disaggregated over the MENA region. Results from this study revealed urban and rural areas to contribute to 79 % and 21 % of municipal wastewater generation respectively. Within the rural context, inland areas generated 61 % of the total wastewater. The riparian and coastal regions produced 27 % and 12 %, respectively. Within the urban settings, riparian areas produced 48 %, while inland and coastal regions generated 34 % and 18 % of the total wastewater, respectively. Results indicate that 46 % of the wastewater is productively used (direct reuse and indirect use), while 54 % is lost unproductively. Of the total wastewater generated, the most direct use was observed in the coastal areas (7 %), the most indirect reuse in the riparian regions (31 %), and the most unproductive losses in inland areas (27 %). The potential of unproductive wastewater as a non-conventional freshwater source was also analyzed. Our results indicate that wastewater is an excellent alternative water source and has high potential to reduce pressure on non-renewable sources for some countries in the MENA region. The motivation of this study is to disaggregate wastewater generation and track wastewater fate using a simple but robust approach that is portable, scalable and repeatable. Similar analysis can be done for other regions to produce information on disaggregated wastewater and its fate. Such information is highly critical for efficient wastewater resource management.
18 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Nassif, Marie Helene; Tawfik, Mohamed; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Mapedza, Everisto; Lahham, Nisreen; Al-Hamdi, M. 2023. Expanding water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: policy report. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 18p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.203]
Water reuse ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water scarcity ; Wastewater treatment ; Municipal wastewater ; Resource recovery ; Water policies ; Water governance ; Planning ; Guidelines ; Irrigation water ; Agricultural water use ; Water quality standards ; Health hazards ; Sustainability ; Financing ; Cost recovery ; Business models ; Stakeholders ; Gender-transformative approaches ; Women ; Social aspects / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Palestine / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Yemen
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051838)
(5.90 MB)
19 Rashed, M. A.; Sefelnasr, A.; Sherif, M.; Murad, A.; Alshamsi, D.; Aliewi, A.; Ebraheem, A. A. 2023. Novel concept for water scarcity quantification considering nonconventional and virtual water resources in arid countries: application in Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Science of the Total Environment, 882:163473. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163473]
Virtual water ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water scarcity ; Water security ; Food security ; Arid zones ; Vulnerability ; Water availability ; Resilience ; Freshwater ; Drought stress ; Water demand ; Food production ; Surface water ; Aquifers ; Groundwater depletion ; Precipitation ; Dams ; Wastewater ; Groundwater recharge ; Indicators / Bahrain / Kuwait / Oman / Qatar / United Arab Emirates
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051934)
(7.34 MB)
The lack of perennial streams or surface water in most arid countries necessitates input modification and water scarcity/security equation calculation as per the water resource systems and physiographic conditions in these countries. The contributions of nonconventional and virtual water resources to water security have been disregarded or undervalued in previous research on global water scarcity. This study addresses this knowledge gap by developing a new framework for estimating water scarcity/security. The proposed framework considers the contributions of unconventional and virtual water resources and the roles of economics, technology, water availability, service accessibility, water safety and quality, water management, and resilience to threats on water and food security, and considers institutional changes required to adjust to water scarcity. To manage water demand, the new framework incorporates metrics for all categories of water resources. Although the framework was specifically designed for arid regions, particularly the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, it is applicable to non-arid nations too. The framework was implemented in GCC countries, which are suitable examples of arid countries with notable virtual commerce. The ratio of abstraction from freshwater resources to renewability from conventional water sources was calculated to determine the extent of water stress in each country. The values obtained from measurement varied from 0.4 (the optimal threshold level for Bahrain) to 22 (severe water stress/low water security in Kuwait). Considering the nonconventional and abstracted nonrenewable groundwater volumes from the total water demand in the GCC, the minimum water stress value measured was 0.13 in Kuwait, suggesting considerable reliance on nonconventional water resources along with little domestic food production to achieve water security. The novel water scarcity/stress index framework was found to be appropriate for arid and hyper-arid regions, such as the GCC, where virtual water trade has a major positive impact on water security.
20 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.) 2023. Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. In Arabic. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 292p. (Also in English) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.221]
Water reuse ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water scarcity ; Wastewater management ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Resource recovery ; Cost recovery ; Municipal wastewater ; Water quality standards ; Regulations ; Guidelines ; Planning ; Risk management ; Water policies ; Water governance ; Water supply ; Irrigation water ; Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Wadi ; Farmers ; Gender mainstreaming ; Gender equality ; Women ; Institutional development ; Governmental organizations ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Funding ; Business models ; Population growth ; Urbanization ; Migration ; Health ; Case studies / Middle East / North Africa / Algeria / Bahrain / Egypt / Iraq / Jordan / Kuwait / Lebanon / Libya / Mauritania / Morocco / Oman / Palestine / Qatar / Saudi Arabia / Sudan / Syrian Arab Republic / Tunisia / United Arab Emirates / Yemen / Marrakech Wastewater Treatment Plant / Boukhalef Wastewater Treatment Plant / Sfax Sud Wastewater Treatment Plant / Ouardanine Wastewater Treatment Plant / Jericho Wastewater Treatment Plant / Tala Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant / Wadi Musa Wastewater Treatment Plant / Al Wathbah-2 Wastewater Treatment Plant / Jebel Ali Wastewater Treatment Plant / Abu Dhabi Irrigation Scheme / Sadd al Ahmar Alfalfa Irrigation Area / West Bank / El Hajeb / Dubai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052507)
(4.76 MB)
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