Your search found 14 records
1 Hope, R.; Borgoyary, M.; Agarwal, C. 2008. Smallholder preferences for agri-environmental change at the Bhoj Wetland, India. Development Policy Review, 26(5):585-602.
Smallholders ; Farmers ; Organic agriculture ; Wetlands ; Models ; Incentives ; Watersheds / India / Bhoj wetlands / Madhya Pradesh / Kolans watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044289)
(0.30 MB)
Incentive-based approaches have gained policy interest in linking change in agricultural land management with environmental conservation. This article investigates how scheme design influences smallholder farmers’decisions to switch to organic farming to reduce water pollution, drawing on a study at a Ramsar wetland site providing water for the city of Bhopal. Results from a choice experiment suggest that transitional payments are necessary to overcome farmer constraints to adopt organic farming, and that effective land certification has the potential to act as a self-enforcing mechanism linking farmer incomes with wetland conservation benefits.
2 Garrick, D.; Hope, R.. 2013. Water security risk and response: the logic and limits of economic instruments. In Lankford, B.; Bakker, K.; Zeitoun, M.; Conway, D. (Eds.). Water security: principles, perspectives and practices. Oxon, UK: Routledge. pp.204-219. (Earthscan Water Text Series)
Water security ; Risk management ; Economic aspects ; Costs ; Water pollution ; Water supply ; Water market ; Sanitation ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G662 IND Record No: H046275)
3 Foster, T.; Hope, R.; Krolikowski, A.; Cohen, I. 2014. Mobile water payments in urban Africa: adoption, implications and opportunities. In Grafton, R. Q.; Wyrwoll, P.; White, C.; Allendes, D. (Eds.). Global water: issues and insights. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University (ANU Press). pp.101-106.
Urban areas ; Water supply ; Water users ; User charges ; Costs / Africa / Kenya / Tanzania / Uganda / Zambia / Kiamumbi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046550)
http://press.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Global+Water%3A+Issues+and+Insights/11041/ch04.4.xhtml#toc_marker-26
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046550.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046550.pdf
(0.27 MB)
4 Hope, R.. 2015. Is community water management the community’s choice?: implications for water and development policy in Africa. Water Policy, 17(4):664-678. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.170]
Water management ; Community management ; Water policy ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Human rights ; Water rights ; Manual pumps ; Maintenance ; Water users ; User charges ; Rural communities ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Financing ; Sustainability ; Poverty / Africa / Kenya / Kyuso / Ngomeni
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047430)
(0.26 MB)
The global drive for universal drinking water security has faltered in rural Africa. Community management of handpumps, which provide water to over 200 million rural people, is the prevailing but increasingly embattled policy choice. A choice experiment is designed to test alternative maintenance models across competing attributes of maintenance provider, maintenance level, payment mode, and payment level. A sample of 3,540 observations is modeled from 118 handpump users in rural Kenya. Results identify community management of maintenance services as the least preferred option with water user payments contingent on an order of magnitude improvement in handpump repair times. Social choice heterogeneity varies by socio-economic status and water use behaviors indicating uneven adoption profiles within communities compounded by no acceptable payment mode. Policy responses to community choices need to address these institutional challenges through new monitoring platforms and acceptable payment systems.
5 Koehler, J.; Thomson, P.; Hope, R.. 2015. Pump-priming payments for sustainable water services in rural Africa. World Development, 74:397-411. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.020]
Water supply ; Water users ; Water security ; Water demand ; Drinking water ; Sustainability ; Manual pumps ; User charges ; Maintenance ; Models ; Consumer behaviour ; Rural areas ; Households ; Institution building / Africa / Kenya / Kyuso
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047714)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15001291/pdfft?md5=080b23cffcd81c355c99a1700ff5cfcd&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X15001291-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047714.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047714.pdf
(1.98 MB) (1.98 MB)
Locally managed handpumps provide water services to around 200 million people in rural Africa. Handpump failures often result in extended service disruption leading to high but avoidable financial, health, and development costs. Using unique observational data from monitoring handpump usage in rural Kenya, we evaluate how dramatic improvements in maintenance services influence payment preferences across institutional, operational, and geographic factors. Public goods theory is applied to examine new institutional forms of handpump management. Results reveal steps to enhance rural water supply sustainability by pooling maintenance and financial risks at scale supported by advances in monitoring and payment technologies.
6 Foster, T.; Hope, R.. 2016. A multi-decadal and social-ecological systems analysis of community waterpoint payment behaviours in rural Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies, 47(Part A):85-96. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.026]
Water supply ; Groundwater ; Water users ; User charges ; Rural communities ; Collective action ; Consumer behaviour ; Social aspects ; Ecology ; Manual pumps ; Financial situation ; Income ; Models ; Sustainability ; Households / Africa South of Sahara / Kenya / Kwale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047768)
(1.83 MB)
Community-based financing of rural water supply operation and maintenance is a well-established policy principle in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet evidence from over 90,000 waterpoints in five sub-Saharan African countries suggests a majority of communities fail to establish and sustain a revenue collection system. As a result, insufficient finances to repair waterpoints can lead to lengthy downtimes or abandonment, threatening the health and welfare of millions of water users forced to revert to unsafe or distant alternatives. Applying a social-ecological systems framework to community waterpoints in rural Kenya, we empirically assess the prevalence and determinants of financial contributions among water users. The analysis draws on multi-decadal data covering 229 years' worth of water committee financial records consisting of more than 53,000 household payments. Results reveal that non-payment and late payment are prevalent, and payment behaviours are predicted by groundwater quality, waterpoint location, productive water use, and rainfall season. The findings reflect the socio-ecological nature of waterpoint sustainability in rural sub-Saharan Africa and confirm that households are not always willing and able to pay for an improved water supply. This situation is symptomatic of a fundamental operation and maintenance financing challenge that must be addressed if the Sustainable Development Goal of universal access to safe water is to be achieved.
7 Foster, T.; Hope, R.. 2017. Evaluating waterpoint sustainability and access implications of revenue collection approaches in rural Kenya. Water Resources Research, 53(2):1473-1490. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019634]
Water supply ; Rural communities ; Drinking water ; Sustainable development ; Water availability ; Water policy ; Water rates ; Financing ; Manual pumps ; Income generation ; Pricing ; Expenditure ; Operating costs ; Performance evaluation ; Households ; Community involvement / Africa South of Sahara / Kenya / Kwale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048087)
(3.04 MB)
Water policies in many sub-Saharan African countries stipulate that rural communities are responsible for self-financing their waterpoint’s operation and maintenance. In the absence of policy consensus or evidence on optimal payment models, rural communities adopt a diversity of approaches to revenue collection. This study empirically assesses waterpoint sustainability and access outcomes associated with different revenue collection approaches on the south coast of Kenya. The analysis draws on a unique data set comprising financial records spanning 27 years and 100 communities, operational performance indicators for 200 waterpoints, and water source choices for more than 2000 households. Results suggest communities collecting pay-as-you-fetch fees on a volumetric basis generate higher levels of revenue and experience better operational performance than communities charging flat fees. In both cases, financial flows mirror seasonal rainfall peaks and troughs. These outcomes are tempered by evidence that households are more likely to opt for an unimproved drinking water source when a pay-as-you-fetch system is in place. The findings illuminate a possible tension between financial sustainability and universal access. If the Sustainable Development Goal of "safe water for all" is to become a reality, policymakers and practitioners will need to address this issue and ensure rural water services are both sustainable and inclusive.
8 Garrick, D. E.; Hall, J. W.; Dobson, A.; Damania, R.; Grafton, R. Q.; Hope, R.; Hepburn, C.; Bark, R.; Boltz, F.; De Stefano, L.; O’Donnell, E.; Matthews, N.; Money, A. 2017. Valuing water for sustainable development. Science, 358(6366):1003-1005. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao4942]
Water resources ; Economic value ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water governance ; Water management ; Water institutions ; Water policy ; Research ; Decision making ; Measurement
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048524)
(1.09 MB)
Achieving universal, safely managed water and sanitation services by 2030, as envisioned by the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, is projected to require capital expenditures of USD 114 billion per year (1). Investment on that scale, along with accompanying policy reforms, can be motivated by a growing appreciation of the value of water. Yet our ability to value water, and incorporate these values into water governance, is inadequate. Newly recognized cascading negative impacts of water scarcity, pollution, and flooding underscore the need to change the way we value water (2). With the UN/World Bank High Level Panel on Water having launched the Valuing Water Initiative in 2017 to chart principles and pathways for valuing water, we see a global opportunity to rethink the value of water. We outline four steps toward better valuation and management (see the box), examine recent advances in each of these areas, and argue that these four steps must be integrated to overcome the barriers that have stymied past efforts.
9 Koehler, J.; Rayner, S.; Katuva, J.; Thomson, P.; Hope, R.. 2018. A cultural theory of drinking water risks, values and institutional change. Global Environmental Change, 50:268-277. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.03.006]
Drinking water ; Risk analysis ; Water supply ; Water security ; Institutions ; Sustainable development ; Manual pumps ; Financing ; Rural communities ; Social aspects ; Coastal area / Kenya / Kwale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048837)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937801731258X/pdfft?md5=98a1ca8547d599d905e8c36da68aee52&pid=1-s2.0-S095937801731258X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048837.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048837.pdf
(0.72 MB) (740 KB)
Global progress towards the goal of universal, safely managed drinking water services will be shaped by the dynamic relationship between water risks, values and institutions. We apply Mary Douglas’ cultural theory to rural waterpoint management and discuss its operationalisation in pluralist arrangements through networking different management cultures at scale. The theory is tested in coastal Kenya, an area that typifies the challenges faced across Africa in providing rural communities with safely managed water. Drawing on findings from a longitudinal study of 3500 households, we examine how different management cultures face and manage operational, financial, institutional and environmental risks. This paper makes the case for cooperative solutions across systems where current policy effectively separates communities from the state or markets. The contribution of this research is both a theoretical and empirical case to consider pluralist institutional arrangements that enable risks and responsibilities to be re-conceptualised and re-allocated between the state, market and communities to create value for rural water users.
10 Hirpa, F. A.; Dyer, E.; Hope, R.; Olago, D. O.; Dadson, S. J. 2018. Finding sustainable water futures in data-sparse regions under climate change: insights from the Turkwel River Basin, Kenya. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 19:124-135. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.08.005]
Water scarcity ; Water resources ; Sustainability ; Water allocation ; Climate change ; Drought ; Risk assessment ; Groundwater depletion ; Water demand ; River basins ; Precipitation ; Models / Kenya / Turkwel River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048915)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581818302155/pdfft?md5=36588c83188aeb04b624afbaf6c3fc62&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581818302155-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048915.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048915.pdf
(2.44 MB) (2.44 MB)
Study region: the Turkwel river basin, Kenya experiences a high level of water scarcity due to its arid climate, high rainfall variability and rapidly growing water demand.
Study region: the Turkwel river basin, Kenya experiences a high level of water scarcity due to its arid climate, high rainfall variability and rapidly growing water demand.
New hydrological insights: The results show that climate variability and increased water demand are each important drivers of water scarcity in the basin. Increases in water demand due to expanded irrigation strongly influences on the resilience of the basin’s water resource system to droughts caused by the global climate variability. The climate response surface offers a visual and flexible tool for decision-makers to understand the ways in which the system responds to climate variability and development scenarios. Policy decisions to accelerate water-dependent development and poverty reduction in arid and semi-arid lands that are characterised by rapid demographic, political and economic change in the short- to medium term have to promote low-regrets approaches that incorporate longer-term climate uncertainty.
Study region: the Turkwel river basin, Kenya experiences a high level of water scarcity due to its arid climate, high rainfall variability and rapidly growing water demand.
New hydrological insights: The results show that climate variability and increased water demand are each important drivers of water scarcity in the basin. Increases in water demand due to expanded irrigation strongly influences on the resilience of the basin’s water resource system to droughts caused by the global climate variability. The climate response surface offers a visual and flexible tool for decision-makers to understand the ways in which the system responds to climate variability and development scenarios. Policy decisions to accelerate water-dependent development and poverty reduction in arid and semi-arid lands that are characterised by rapid demographic, political and economic change in the short- to medium term have to promote low-regrets approaches that incorporate longer-term climate uncertainty.
11 Hoque, S. F.; Hope, R.. 2018. The water diary method - proof-of-concept and policy implications for monitoring water use behaviour in rural Kenya. Water Policy, 20(4):725-743. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.179]
Water use ; Behaviour ; Monitoring ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water security ; Water policy ; Water resources ; Drinking water ; Water costs ; Households ; Water supply ; Gender equality ; Rural areas / Kenya / Kitui
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048882)
(0.47 MB)
Africa is lagging behind global progress to meet the Sustainable Development Goal for ‘universal access to safe and affordable drinking water’ services. New knowledge needs to understand and respond to water service inequalities which are not revealed by high quality, but snapshot and infrequent, household surveys. We have designed and piloted a ‘water diary’ in Kenya to document the daily sources, uses, cost and sufficiency of water, along with weekly household expenditures. Water use behaviours vary across water supply alternatives, rainfall extremes and economic conditions to affect ‘sufficiency’ for competing drinking, bathing, laundry, hygiene, and productive uses. Findings reveal water for hygiene uses is reduced during drought, and while water expenditure is the lowest of seven categories, it spikes for a minority. We evaluate the diary method by measurement, internal and external validity criteria and conclude that the longitudinal approach offers complementary insights to address the gaps in current monitoring methods.
12 Sinha, R.; Gilmont, M.; Hope, R.; Dadson, S. 2019. Understanding the effectiveness of investments in irrigation system modernization: evidence from Madhya Pradesh, India. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(5):847-870. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1480357]
Irrigation systems ; Modernization ; Investment ; Water security ; Food security ; Development projects ; Infrastructure ; Rainfall patterns ; Monsoon climate ; Crop yield ; Prices ; Farmers ; Models / India / Madhya Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049269)
(2.17 MB)
Investments in modernizing irrigation infrastructure are key to enhance water security for agriculture. However, outcomes of investments are insufficiently understood, limiting the future design of interventions. This article applies a fixed effects regression model to test whether modernization of irrigation systems in Madhya Pradesh leads to improvements in district-level yields and protection of yields against sub-basin rainfall variability. Findings suggest that investments fail to improve yields in districts with deficient rainfall and fail to buffer crops against monsoon variability, compared to control districts with no investments. Interventions should be designed to respond to the complexities of sub-basin rainfall variability.
13 Sinha, R.; Dadson, S.; Hope, R.. 2022. Does subjective well-being matter when assessing the impacts of irrigation infrastructure? Empirical evidence from Madhya Pradesh, India. Irrigation and Drainage, 14p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2711]
Irrigation systems ; Infrastructure ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Irrigation methods ; Irrigation canals ; Rehabilitation ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Poverty alleviation / India / Madhya Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051122)
(1.06 MB) (1.06 MB)
Investments to rehabilitate irrigation infrastructure aim to enhance climate resilience and improve farmers' livelihoods in the face of hydrological risks. Studies seeking to assess the impacts from investments in irrigation primarily focus on yield and income-related poverty measures. This approach provides an incomplete picture of the distributional implications of investments, such as the impact of rehabilitated irrigation infrastructure on the subjective well-being of farmers. Drawing on data from 707 farmers in Madhya Pradesh, India, we explore whether investments to rehabilitate irrigation infrastructure are associated with changes in subjective well-being among smallholders. Our findings show a positive relationship between farmers with access to rehabilitated surface irrigation and well-being improvements. Results reveal that farmers in areas with rehabilitated irrigation canals experience improvements in subjective well-being which are 20%–30% higher in comparison to farmers in areas without rehabilitated canals. When results are disaggregated, we find a larger positive effect on well-being for farmers in deficient-rainfall areas compared to average- or high-rainfall areas. The integration of contextual factors related to subjective well-being into future assessments of infrastructure investments in India can enhance knowledge of the multidimensional benefits of canal irrigation among diverse farming groups facing differing degrees of hydrological risk.
14 Hope, R.; Charles, K. J.; Grafton, R. Q.; Olago, D.; Salehin, M.; Hossain, M. A.; Peters, R.; Gren, A.; Woldehanna, T.; Ibrahim, M.; Chowdhury, E. H.; Alam, M. M.; Goyol, K.; McDonnell, Rachael; Nileshwar, A. 2024. Science–practitioner partnerships for sustainable development. Nature Water, 2(6):502-504. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-024-00255-0]
Sustainable Development Goals ; Research ; Partnerships ; Funding ; Water security ; Vulnerability ; Policies ; Investment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: PendingH052924)
(0.70 MB)
Science funding could contribute more towards achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Science– practitioner partnerships illustrate how a patient and outcome-based approach could improve water security for millions of vulnerable people.
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