Your search found 29 records
1 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Jeitler, R. 2010. Facilitating the adoption of food-safety interventions in the street-food sector and on farms. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.319-335. (Also in French).
Food safety ; Restaurants ; Public health ; Social behaviour ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Guidelines / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042616)
(0.26 MB)
This chapter discusses the implementation challenges of the WHO Guidelines on safe wastewater use pertaining to the adoption of the so-called ‘post-treatment’ or ‘non-treatment’ options, like safer irrigation practices or appropriate vegetablewashing in kitchens. Due to limited risk awareness and immediate benefits of wastewater irrigation, it is unlikely that a broad adoption of recommended practices will automatically follow revised policies or any educational campaign and training. Most of the recommended practices do not only require behaviourchange but might also increase operational costs. In such a situation, significant efforts are required to explore how conventional and/or social marketing can support the desired behaviour-change towards the adoption of safety practices. This will require new strategic partnerships and a new section in the WHO Guidelines. This chapter outlines the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability, and suggests a framework which is based on a combination of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. An important conclusion is that these steps require serious accompanying research of the target group, strongly involving social sciences, which should not be underestimated in related projects.
2 Drechsel, Pay; Karg, H.; Keraita, Bernard. 2009. Facilitating adoption of best practices: more work for research than extension!. [Abstract only]. In Tielkes, E. (Ed.). Biophysical and socio-economic frame conditions for the sustainable management of natural resources. Book of abstracts. International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development, Tropentag Congress, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 6-8 October 2009. Witzenhausen, Germany: German Institute for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics. pp.407.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042655)
(92.44 KB)
The presentation points at the implementation challenges we are facing in tropical agriculture when recommended `best' practices e.g. to stop erosion or change irrigation or food handling practices do not have obvious short-term benefits like increased yields or reduced labour but maybe even increase production costs, and this without market incentives for farmers to accept the extra burden.
The resulting low technology adoption rates are a major bottleneck we are facing in the Research for Development continuum since decades despite increasing efforts to move more research from stations to farms.
While many still argue about missing research extension linkages, unsupportive socio-economic frame conditions etc., we might miss the point that understanding and facilitating adoption requires at least as much social and economic research than the more biophysical development of a `recommended' technology.
The presentation draws mostly - but not only - from research work in West Africa on safer irrigation and food handling practices where wastewater is used in market gardening putting thousands of consumers at risk of diarrhoeal diseases. It outlines the importance of understanding farmers' and food caterers' knowledge and perceptions of health risks and risk reduction measure to understand possible adoption drivers and barriers. The studies also show that probably only a mix of approaches might lead to a lasting adoption, which builds on social marketing research, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and applied regulations, even if these can not be enforced. There are also many examples of innovations at farmers' end which might have a different cause and purpose but support the same larger `social' objectives to build on.
An important conclusion is that all this analysis requires serious research of the target group, strongly involving social sciences, which we should not underestimate in the planning of related projects. It also shows that relying on imported strategies and dissemination materials to support technology adoption might not fit local conditions.
The resulting low technology adoption rates are a major bottleneck we are facing in the Research for Development continuum since decades despite increasing efforts to move more research from stations to farms.
While many still argue about missing research extension linkages, unsupportive socio-economic frame conditions etc., we might miss the point that understanding and facilitating adoption requires at least as much social and economic research than the more biophysical development of a `recommended' technology.
The presentation draws mostly - but not only - from research work in West Africa on safer irrigation and food handling practices where wastewater is used in market gardening putting thousands of consumers at risk of diarrhoeal diseases. It outlines the importance of understanding farmers' and food caterers' knowledge and perceptions of health risks and risk reduction measure to understand possible adoption drivers and barriers. The studies also show that probably only a mix of approaches might lead to a lasting adoption, which builds on social marketing research, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and applied regulations, even if these can not be enforced. There are also many examples of innovations at farmers' end which might have a different cause and purpose but support the same larger `social' objectives to build on.
An important conclusion is that all this analysis requires serious research of the target group, strongly involving social sciences, which we should not underestimate in the planning of related projects. It also shows that relying on imported strategies and dissemination materials to support technology adoption might not fit local conditions.
3 Bos. R.; Mara, D.; Bahri, Akissa; Jimenez, B.; Stenstroem, T. - A.; Huibers, F.; Redwood, M.; Kinane, M.; Hamilton, A.; Murray, A.; Nelson, K.; Abaidoo, R.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Tiongco, M.; Razak, S.; Ensink, J.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Kone, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Moe, C.; Buckley, C.; Niang, S.; Scott, C.; Amoah, Philip; Dalahmeh, S.; Cisse, G.; Kone, B.; LeJeune, J.; Karg, H.; Keraita, Bernard; Evans, Alexandra; Zwane, A.; Silverman, A.; Armstrong, J.; Awadzi, D.; Cofie, Olufunke; Schoeffler, M.; Van Rooijen, D.; Mensah, Ernest Abraham. 2008. Accra Consensus: Agenda for Research, Capacity Building and Action on the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture. [A public statement]. 2p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043803)
4 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay. 2011. Motivating behaviour change to reduce pathogenic risk where unsafe water is used for irrigation. Water International, 36(4):476-490. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.594684]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044197)
(0.49 MB)
The increased emphasis on non- or post-treatment measures in the 2006 edition of the World Health Organization Guidelines on the safe use of wastewater in agriculture will require behaviour change along the food chain. Low health risk awareness likely limits adoption of safe food practices in many areas. Based on experiences from Ghana, where informal wastewater irrigation occurs around all cities, the necessary steps for increasing adoption probability are outlined under a generic framework, which is based on the four pillars of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. Any of these approaches requires research of the target groups. Cost effectiveness can be improved by linking related efforts with other hygiene and food safety interventions.
5 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Jeitler, R. 2011. Faciliter l’adoption d’interventions de securite alimentaire dans le secteur des aliments de rue et dans les champs. In French. [Facilitating the adoption of food-safety interventions in the street-food sector and on farms]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.345-362. (Also in English).
Food safety ; Restaurants ; Public health ; Social behaviour ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Guidelines / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044473)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044473.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044473.pdf
(1.04 MB) (5.96MB)
This chapter discusses the implementation challenges of the WHO Guidelines on safe wastewater use pertaining to the adoption of the so-called ‘post-treatment’ or ‘non-treatment’ options, like safer irrigation practices or appropriate vegetablewashing in kitchens. Due to limited risk awareness and immediate benefits of wastewater irrigation, it is unlikely that a broad adoption of recommended practices will automatically follow revised policies or any educational campaign and training. Most of the recommended practices do not only require behaviourchange but might also increase operational costs. In such a situation, significant efforts are required to explore how conventional and/or social marketing can support the desired behaviour-change towards the adoption of safety practices. This will require new strategic partnerships and a new section in the WHO Guidelines. This chapter outlines the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability, and suggests a framework which is based on a combination of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. An important conclusion is that these steps require serious accompanying research of the target group, strongly involving social sciences, which should not be underestimated in related projects.
6 Drechsel, Pay; Karg, H.. 2013. Motivating behaviour change for safe wastewater irrigation in urban and peri-urban Ghana. Sustainable Sanitation Practice, 16:10-20.
Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban areas ; Periurban areas ; Health hazards ; Public health ; Social aspects ; Vegetables ; Food safety ; Farmers / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045992)
http://www.ecosan.at/ssp/issue-16-behaviour-change/SSP-16_Jul2013_10-20.pdf/at_download/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045992.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045992.pdf
(0.75 MB) (776KB)
Where wastewater is used without appropriate treatment, additional safety measures such as safer irrigation practices or careful vegetable washing are required to protect farmers and consumers. Implementing such food safety interventions in the informal farming sector is not easy, as they require behaviour change. Even where appropriate and low-cost interventions have been identified, low health risk awareness is a likely adoption barrier. Where this also concerns consumers, market demand for safer crops will be low and social marketing options have to be explored to support the desired behaviour change. Based on experiences from Ghana, where wastewater irrigation is an unplanned reality in and around all cities, the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability are outlined under a generic framework which is based on social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and supporting regulations. Any of these approaches require accompanying research of the target groups and could gain in cost-effectiveness through a more integrated approach linking e.g. handwash and vegetable washing campaigns.
7 Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Amoah, Philip; Karg, H.. 2014. Health risk management for safe vegetable irrigation. In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.180-198.
Health hazards ; Risk management ; Vegetable growing ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Farmers ; Biological contamination ; Food consumption ; WHO ; Sanitation ; Pathogens ; Income / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046611)
(869.97 KB)
This chapter presents approaches tested in Ghana to mitigate wastewater irrigation-related risks for consumers and farmers from microbial contamination. The recommended interventions follow the WHO approach concerning multiple barriers along the food chain. Factors that could support the uptake of safety measures are discussed.
8 Karg, H.; Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Drechsel, Pay. 2015. Examining food sources in the city of Tamale, Ghana. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 29:38-40.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047030)
(0.22 MB) (4.64 MB)
This empirical study examines food sources and their quantitative contribution to the city of Tamale, Ghana. The results contribute to an understanding of the urban food system, and evoke questions relating to the standardised measurement and evaluation of urban food system resilience across geographical contexts.
9 Karg, H.; Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Schlesinger, J.; Nyarko, G.; Drechsel, Pay. 2015. Food flow analysis: the role of locality in feeding cities [Abstract only] Paper presented at the PLANT 2030 Status Seminar, Potsdam, German, 4-6 March 2015. 1p.
(Location: IWMI Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047038)
(0.08 MB)
The growing urban demand for food and changing diets are two of the main factors for changing urban food systems in terms of food quantity and diversity, as well as underlying production and distribution systems. In order to meet the urban food needs while minimising negative environmental effects, short supply chains have been advocated in recent years. In spite of the growing attention to “local” or “urban“ food in research and development, there are only very few empirical studies which systematically analyse the actual contribution of urban and periurban production to urban food supply in a standardised way. This study as part of two PhD projects aims to quantify and map food flows supplying urban populations in the cities of Tamale, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, both cities that are characterised by high urban growth rates and high incidences of food insecurity. Food flows were recorded at roads entering the cities and at major markets during the peak and lean season. Data collection will extend over two years, and therefore only first preliminary results are available so far (Tamale for the peak season 2013, and lean season 2014; Ouagadougou for the lean season 2014). First results show that in both cities the majority of unprocessed staple crops are produced in rural areas and channelled through village markets to the cities while leafy vegetables are produced during the dry season in irrigated urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA). In Tamale, imports play a minor role: rice is the only food crop imported at large scale from outside Africa (preliminary results indicate that about half of the rice consumed in both cities is imported), whereas sub-regional trade plays a role with respect to onion (from Niger) and tomato supply (from Burkina Faso during the lean season). Ouagadougou’s status as national capital is reflected in the larger diversity of food items in the markets and the relatively longer distances (partly imported) food travels. The two case studies suggest that diversifying food sources can be a means to minimise risks and to ensure access to favourable market prices which contributes to a more resilient urban food supply system. This might change with increasing economic status and growing city size, when creating space for UPA and supporting rural small holders will become more important to maintain the mix.
10 Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Buerkert, A. 2015. Nutrient and virtual water flow analysis for Tamale, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso [Abstract only] In Tielkes, E. (Ed.). Management of land use systems for enhanced food security: conflicts, controversies and resolutions. Book of abstracts. International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development, Tropentag 2015, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2015. Witzenhausen, Germany: German Institute for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics. pp.158.
Virtual water ; Flow discharge ; Nutrients ; Organic matter ; Foods ; Urban areas / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047203)
http://www.tropentag.de/2015/abstracts/links/Akoto-Danso_zVtWuGh3.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047203.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047203.pdf
(0.09 MB) (87.42 KB)
Nutrients and virtual water in the form of food and other organic goods are transported from the rural hinterland to urban centres. In particular in developing countries, poor waste management in growing cities and the potential to recover nutrients and water for agricultural production have raised interest in quantifying these flows. What are the quantities of organic materials that enter and leave a city? Which materials carry the most important nutrient and virtual water flows? Where does nutrient and water depletion take place? This study has been conducted within the UrbanFoodPlus project (www.urbanfood plus.org) to assess organic material flows and their quantitative nutrient and virtual water contribution for the cities of Tamale in Ghana and Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Matter flows (unprocessed foodstuff, firewood, fodder, non-timber forest products, etc.) from regional, national and international sources were systematically recorded at all roads leading to Tamale and Ouagadougo. Organic matter from urban sources aand stocks were captured at major markets. The survey has been conducted within two years covering the peak (November) and lean season (April) for six days in a row. The study maps the virtual water and nutrient transfers of different types of traded food products and other organic goods. The results will improve our understanding of the urban metabolism, and may support the development of standardised methodologies for assessing virtual water and nutrient flows.
11 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Akoto-Dans, E. K.; Glaser, R.; Nyarko, G.; Buerkert, A. 2016. Foodsheds and city region food systems in two West African cities. Sustainability, 8(12):1-32. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121175]
Food chains ; Food supply ; Food consumption ; Food habits ; Food production ; Urban environment ; Urban population ; Climate change ; Crops ; Livestock ; Vegetables ; Leaf vegetables ; Organic wastes / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047875)
In response to changing urban food systems, short supply chains have been advocated to meet urban food needs while building more sustainable urban food systems. Despite an increasing interest in urban food supply and the flows of food from production to consumption, there is a lack of empirical studies and methodologies which systematically analyse the actual proportion and nutritional significance of local and regional food supplied to urban markets. The aim of this empirical study therefore was to compare the geographical sources supplying food to the urban population (“foodsheds”) in Tamale, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to record the supplied quantities and to assess the level of interaction between the sources and the respective city. The study was conducted over two years, covering the seasons of abundant and short supply, via traffic surveys on the access roads to the two cities, and in the Tamale markets, resulting altogether in more than 40,000 records of food flow. Results indicated that food sources were highly crop- and season-specific, ranging from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional foodsheds with diverse sources across seasons. Across the commodity-specific foodsheds, city region boundaries were established. Within the proposed city region a relatively large proportion of smallholders contributed to urban food supply, taking advantage of the proximity to urban markets. While food provided from within the city region offers certain place-based benefits, like the provision of fresh perishable crops, a larger geographical diversity of foodsheds appeared to enhance the resilience of urban food systems, such as against climate related production failures.
12 Drechsel, Pay; Karg, H.; Appoh, Richard Kofi; Akoto-Danso, E. 2016. Resilience of rural-urban food flows in West Africa [Abstract only]. In Centre de cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD). International Conference on Agri-Chains and Sustainable Development: Linking Local and Global Dynamics, Montpellier, France, 12-14 December 2016. Abstracts Book. Paris, France: Centre de cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD). pp.182.
Food supply ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Food chains ; Commodity markets ; Merchants ; Agricultural products ; Resilience ; Drought ; Flooding / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047893)
http://acsd2016.cirad.fr/content/download/4317/32688/version/1/file/Book+of+abstracts.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047893.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047893.pdf
(0.04 MB) (1.84 MB)
13 Karg, H.; Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Drechsel, Pay; Abubakari, A.-H.; Buerkert, A. 2019. Food- and feed-based nutrient flows in two West African cities. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 115(2):173-188. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-018-9944-4]
Food supply ; Food consumption ; Food industry ; Food production ; Food crop ; Nutrient content ; Resource recovery ; Urban areas ; Metabolism ; Animal feeding / West Africa / Burkina Faso / Ghana / Ouagadougou / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048873)
(1.51 MB)
Recent studies have examined the urban metabolism of cities using urban consumption as a proxy for food inflows but very few studies have aimed at quantifying the role of cities as trade hubs and nutrient sinks of their hinterlands. We therefore examined the linkages between food and animal feed supply, their places of production and nutrient flows through the urban system in the two West African cities of Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Using primary data on food and feed flows, and secondary data to assess the transformation of these flows into nutrient terms, we show that, besides urban consumption, the function of the two study sites as trade hubs significantly determines nutrient flows. In Tamale, > 50% of the nutrient inflows was neither consumed nor was lost in situ but left that city again for other destinations. At least 30% of the incoming cereals was stored in the city for later consumption or export. Ouagadougou relied more on imported goods with 40% of N imported from foreign countries compared to Tamale where only 10% of the N was imported, thus contributing to heavier nutrient extraction in remote production areas.
14 Drechsel, Pay; Karg, H.; Appoh, Richard Kofi; Akoto-Danso, E. K. 2018. Resilience of urban food supply in West Africa. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 34:27.
Urban areas ; Food supply ; Natural disasters ; Drought ; Flooding ; Wholesale marketing ; Crop production ; Supply chain / West Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048968)
https://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/RUAF_UAM34_p27.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048968.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048968.pdf
(91.5 KB)
15 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay. (Eds.) 2018. Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 83p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2018.224]
Urban areas ; Urban agriculture ; Urban development ; Farming systems ; Livestock production ; Forestry ; Food marketing ; Food consumption ; Food composition ; Food safety ; Food policies ; Food supply ; Household consumption ; Stakeholders ; Diets ; Land use ; Vegetation ; Trees ; Backyard farming ; Crop production ; Cultivation ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Water resources ; Nutrition / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048998)
(10.0 MB)
This Atlas summarizes recent advances in interdisciplinary approaches and research to address the different components of West African urban food systems, including urban and peri-urban agriculture. It thereby draws on the results of several major collaborative research projects and stakeholder consultations conducted in West Africa over the past two decades, and in particular on the UrbanFoodPlus project in Ghana and Burkina Faso (www.urbanfoodplus.org). The publication targets with its innovative design a broad range of stakeholders.
16 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay. 2018. Introduction. In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.4-5.
Urban agriculture ; Food systems ; Urban areas ; Food consumption ; Food marketing / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049011)
(408 KB)
17 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay. 2018. Conclusions. In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.70-71.
Food systems ; Urban areas ; Food marketing ; Urban agriculture ; Urban development / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049014)
(440 KB)
18 Karg, H.. 2018. Urban development. In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.6-11.
Urban development ; Urbanization ; Settlement ; Urban planning ; Land markets ; Population growth ; Farmers / West Africa / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049015)
(2.58 MB)
19 Karg, H.. 2018. Urban agriculture. In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.12-14.
Urban agriculture ; Irrigated farming ; Food production ; Crop production ; Livestock production ; Farmland / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049016)
(708 KB)
20 Karg, H.; Schlesinger, J. 2018. Open space farming. In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.15-29.
Farming systems ; Open spaces ; Urban agriculture ; Irrigated farming ; Wastewater irrigation ; Shifting cultivation ; Dry season ; Wet season ; Cultivated land ; Crop production ; Leaf vegetables ; Soil management ; Wastewater treatment ; Biochar ; Pesticide application ; Health hazards ; Farmers / Ghana / Burkina Faso / Tamale / Ouagadougou / Boulmiougou / Gumbehene / Kossodo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049017)
(2.19 MB)
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