Your search found 7 records
1 Marlet, S. 1997. Salinization of the irrigated soils in the Punjab, Pakistan. Consultancy report C-9. Lahore, Pakistan: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). Pakistan National Program. iv, 32p.
Soil salinity ; Alkalinity ; Chemical analysis ; Simulation models ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Assessment ; Irrigation water ; Evaporation ; Tube wells ; Canals / Pakistan / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IIMI 631.7.5 G730 MAR Record No: H021105)
2 Hussain, A.; Murtaza, G.; Ghafoor, A.; Basra, S. M. A.; Qadir, Manzoor; Sabir, M. 2010. Cadmium contamination of soils and crops by long term use of raw effluent, ground and canal waters in agricultural lands. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(6):851-856. [doi: https://doi.org/10–290/AWB/2010/12–6–851–856]
Water scarcity ; Water reuse ; Effluents ; Wastewater irrigation ; Cadmium ; Electrical conductivity ; Soil degradation ; Cereals ; Legumes ; Contamination ; Heavy metals ; Chemical analysis ; Surveys ; Canals ; Wells / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043365)
(0.14 MB)
Water scarcity in agriculture sector forced farmers to use city wastewater without any regard of its quality effects on environment and resultant contamination of soils and plants, particularly with heavy metals. A survey of effluent, tube well and canal water irrigated areas in Faisalabad, Pakistan was conducted to appraise Cd concentration in these waters and soils, and its uptake by cereal and legume crops. Water, soil and plant (seeds, shoot & roots) samples were collected and analyzed for Cd concentration. Results illustrated that wastewater contained 11.0 and 3.7 times higher Cd than tube well and canal waters, respectively. Location-wise the lowest Cd concentration was 0.6 µg L-1 at Bypass Samandari Road (BSR) while the highest was 1.4 µg L-1 at Malkhanwala (MW). Maximum AB-DTPA extractable Cd (0.30 mg kg-1 & 0.248 mg kg-1) was found in soil samples collected from 0-15 cm depths at Uchkera and Ghulam Muhammad Abad (GMA), respectively. It was the lowest (0.04 mg kg-1) in soil samples collected from Chak No. 235/RB (C235) location. Long term effluent irrigation resulted in 248 and 260% increase in Cd contents at 0-15 cm depth of soils compared to tube well and canal waters irrigated soils, respectively. In all the cases, Cd was within safe limits. About 70% of the metal was deposited in upper 30 cm layers. Seeds of effluent irrigated chickpea acquired the highest concentration of Cd (0.177 mg kg-1), while was the lowest in wheat seeds (0.034 mg kg-1). Concentration of Cd was higher in mungbean shoots (0.62 mg kg-1) than in wheat shoots. The order for Cd concentration in seeds was chickpea > maize > mungbean > wheat for wastewater irrigated crops. Similar trend of Cd concentration was observed in tube well and canal waters irrigated crops.
3 Pradhan, Surendra K.; Torvinen, E.; Siljanen, H. M. P.; Pessi, M.; Heinonen-Tanski, H. 2015. Iron flocculation stimulates biogas production in Microthrix parvicella-spiked wastewater sludge. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(9):3039-3046. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0733-6]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046768)
Municipal wastewater sludge has been used for fertiliser and biogas production for several decades. Chemical compounds such as iron and aluminium are common coagulants used in wastewater treatment plants to remove suspended solids, phosphorus and micro-organisms. This laboratory study explores whether ferric chloride (FeCl3 as PIX-111) or aluminium chloride (AlCl3 as PAX-18) flocculation could stimulate biogas production in wastewater sludge contaminated with Microthrix parvicella. In a fermentation process run in three replicates, cumulative methane production was in average about 25 % higher using the iron flocculated sludge than using the aluminium flocculated sludge; this difference was statistically significant (P\0.05) in the subsequent runs of the semi-continuous process. In all runs, the iron flocculated sludge produced less (P\0.05) hydrogen sulphide in the biogas than the aluminium flocculated sludge. The numbers of M. parvicella stayed at the similar levels throughout the process. It is concluded that biogas production is higher and more stable with iron coagulant in comparison with aluminium coagulant, presumably due to the reduced formation of hydrogen sulphide. Thus, iron coagulants seem to be better than aluminium coagulants to stimulate the methane production process. Both coagulants significantly suppressed multiplication of M. parvicella in the biogas reactor, i.e. they did not evoke foaming in this experiment.
4 Rajesh, R.; Brindha, Karthikeyan; Elango, L. 2015. Groundwater quality and its hydrochemical characteristics in a shallow weathered rock aquifer of southern India. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 7(4):515-524. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0166-6]
Groundwater irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Hydrology ; Chemical analysis ; Geology ; Surface water ; Aquifers ; Domestic consumption ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Elements ; Salinity ; Alkalinity ; Wells / India / Telangana / Nalgonda District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047463)
(2.08 MB)
Suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes as well as its hydrochemical characteristics was estimated in a part of Nalgonda district, Telangana state in southern India. Water samples were collected from 45 wells once every 2 months from March 2008 to January 2010. EC and pH were measured in situ while concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulphate and chloride in groundwater were analysed using ion chromatograph. Carbonate and bicarbonate concentration were determined by acid base titration. General order of dominance of cations in the groundwater of this study area is Na?[Ca2?[Mg2?[ K? while that for anions is HCO3 -[Cl-[SO4-2. Ca–HCO3, Na–Cl, mixed Ca–Na–HCO3 and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl types of groundwater were dominant in this area. Groundwater is generally fresh with medium to high salinity and low alkalinity. Chloride and bicarbonate concentrations were present within the permissible limits for drinking whereas, some samples exceed the permissible limits of the Bureau of Indian Standards for pH, TDS, TH,sodium, calcium, magnesium and sulphate. Potassium exceeded the maximum permissible limits for drinking proposed by World Health Organisation. Sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate and permeability index indicates that the groundwater quality was suitable for irrigation in most parts of the study area.
5 Amoah, Philip; Adamtey, N.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2017. Effect of urine, poultry manure, and dewatered faecal sludge on agronomic characteristics of cabbage in Accra, Ghana. Resources, 6(2):1-14. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources6020019]
Soil chemicophysical properties ; Soil analysis ; Chemical analysis ; Fertilizer application ; pH ; Urine ; Poultry droppings ; Organic fertilizers ; Faecal sludge ; Agronomic characters ; Nutrient uptake ; Urban agriculture ; Cabbages ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Wet season ; Farmers ; Environmental pollution ; Water pollution / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048132)
(1.39 MB)
The study was to assess the: (i) effect of human urine and other organic inputs on cabbage growth, yield, nutrient uptake, N-use efficiency, and soil chemical characteristics; (ii) economic returns of the use of urine and/or other organic inputs as a source of fertiliser for cabbage production. To meet these objectives, participatory field trials were conducted at Dzorwulu, Accra. Four different treatments (Urine alone, Urine + dewatered faecal sludge (DFS), Urine + poultry droppings (PD), NPK (15-15-15) + PD) were applied in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with soil alone as control. Each treatment was applied at a rate of 121 kg·N·ha-1 corresponding to the Nitrogen requirement of cabbage in Ghana. Growth and yield parameters, plant nutrient uptake, and soil chemical characteristics were determined using standard protocols. There were no significant differences between treatments for cabbage head weight, or total and marketable yields. However, unmarketable yield from NPK + PD was 1 to 2 times higher (p < 0.05) than those from Urine + PD, Urine + DFS, and Urine alone. Seasonal effect on yields was also pronounced with higher (p < 0.001) cabbage head weight (0.95 kg) and marketable yields (12.7 kg·ha-1) in the dry season than the rainy season (0.42 kg and 6.27 kg·ha-1). There was higher (p < 0.005) phosphorous uptake in cabbage from Urine + PD treated soil than those from other treatments. Nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) uptake in the dry season was significantly higher than the rainy season. Soils treated with Urine + DFS and Urine + PD were high in total N content. Urine + PD and Urine + DFS treated soils gave fairly high yield than PD + NPK with a net gain of US$1452.0 and US$1663.5, respectively. The application of urine in combination with poultry droppings has the potential to improve cabbage yields, nutrient uptake, and soil nitrogen and phosphorous content.
6 Akhtar, S. M.; Iqbal, J. 2017. Assessment of emerging hydrological, water quality issues and policy discussion on water sharing of transboundary Kabul River. Water Policy, 19(4):650-672. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.119]
International waters ; International cooperation ; Hydrological factors ; Water quality ; Chemical analysis ; Microbiological analysis ; Water policy ; Water resources ; Water management ; Treaties ; Conflict ; Satellite imagery ; Remote sensing ; River basins ; Flow discharge ; Flood control ; Temporal variation ; Models / Pakistan / Afghanistan / Kabul River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048231)
(1.17 MB)
Transboundary water sharing policy between Pakistan and Afghanistan along with emerging issues over the Transboundary Kabul River have been discussed incorporating long-term hydrological trend analysis, water quality issues and temporal changes in land cover/land use. The annual (1977–2015) mean river flow of 26.32 billion (109 ) cubic metres (BCM) with a range of 13.77 to 42.2 BCM and standard deviation of 6.026 BCM revealed no significant trend in annual inflow data of the Kabul River. Afghanistan planned developments in the basin were analysed in the light of reduction in the transboundary flow. Faecal coliforms, pH (7.90 to 8.06), Escherichia coli and other water quality parameters were found to be within permissible limits, however, dissolved oxygen was just above the permissible limits to sustain aquatic life. Water was found unsuitable for drinking while suitable for agriculture and aquatic life. Remote sensing data used for temporal change detection showed an increase in built-up-areas and cultivated areas along Kabul River inside Pakistan by 50 and 47%, respectively. Significant changes were observed at two locations in the river course. Insights of emerging Kabul River issues and a way forward have been discussed which could serve as the basis for formulation of adaption strategies leading to a ‘Kabul River Water Treaty’.
7 Gao, J.; Li, Z.; Chen, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, W.; Wang, L.; Zhou, J. 2021. Deterioration of groundwater quality along an increasing intensive land use pattern in a small catchment. Agricultural Water Management, 253:106953. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106953]
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Land use change ; Catchment areas ; Chemical analysis ; Nitrates ; Ions ; Stable isotopes ; Farmland ; Vegetation ; Fertilizers ; Contamination ; Wells / China / Shaanxi / Yujiahe Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050383)
(5.25 MB)
Land use change has greatly influenced groundwater quality worldwide. Identifying the effects of different intensive land uses on the groundwater quality is the first step in taking proper action to solve the problem. In this study, we compared the effects of different intensive land uses (region A, natural vegetation; region B, cereal fields; region C, kiwifruit orchards) in the Yujiahe catchment between 2015 and 2017 in Shaanxi, China, on the major ions and stable isotopes of nitrate (d15N–NO3– and d18O–NO3–). The NO3- groundwater concentrations increased from region A to region B and region C; NO3- concentrations in shallow groundwater were higher than those of deep groundwater in region C (55.3 vs. 28.9 mg/L, respectively). The NO3- concentrations in region A and region B did not exceed the WHO standard of 50 mg/L. However, 56.3% and 22.2% of the shallow and deep groundwater samples have NO3- concentrations exceeding the standard in region C, respectively. The average electrical conductivity (EC) values of springs in region A and shallow groundwater in regions B and C were 438, 525, and 753 µs/cm, respectively. Concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- ions and nitrogen isotope values increased from region A to region C, indicating that intensive land use change has modified groundwater hydrochemical composition, and deteriorated groundwater quality. This study has highlighted the significant effect of intensive land use of orchards at the small catchment scale on the groundwater quality.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
