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1 Schmitt, R.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Perrin, J.; Dinis, L.; Ahmed, S.; Pavelic, Paul. 2010. Towards the development of a methodology to assess hydrological impacts of wastewater irrigation on groundwater: a case study from Hyderabad, India. [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management (Tropentag) Conference on World Food System - a contribution from Europe, Thematic scientific session on Water management, Zurich, Switzerland, 14 -16 September 2010. 2p. (published online)
Wastewater irrigation ; Groundwater ; Impact assessment ; Hydrological factors ; Case studies / India / Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad / Musi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043223)
http://www.tropentag.de/2010/abstracts/links/Schmitt_2rQBM1Rw.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/h043223.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/h043223.pdf
(0.11 MB)
In the lands adjacent to the Musi-River, downstream of the city of Hyderabad, India, wastewater reuse for irrigation of various crops is common. Studies have shown that poor water quality has been a driver for crop selection in this area and this study describes the methodological approach used to understand the hydrological impacts and processes on groundwater associated with wastewater irrigation of a variety of crop types. An area (2.8km2) comprising wastewater- and groundwater-irrigated agriculture was selected based on landuse maps and observations. The watershed was delineated using DEM and GIS data. A crop model (BUDGET; Raes, 2005) was combined with field measure-ments, baseline data on irrigation practices, and land use patterns, to assess the overall water balance. The suitability of the method was validated with questionnaire survey results and available secondary data. 4 Piezometers were installed to assess and monitor groundwater levels and quality. Major crops irrigated with wastewater were found to be Paragrass (20 ha), Paddy (6 ha) and leafy vegetables (1.8 ha). Groundwater was used for Paddy (8 ha) and leafy vegetables (1.6 ha). Discharge from 17 wells or pumps was measured. Base line data for 23 distinct fields were collected. The annual irrigation flux was calculated to be 1.6×106 m3 and comprised of 77% wastewater, 23% groundwater. Return-flows from agriculture were 0.44×106m3 and madeup of 60% wastewater and 40% groundwater. There is neither a difference in the application rate of irrigation for paddy and Paragrass (n=12, p = 0.12) (Mann-Whitney-U-Test) nor in irrigation practices between wastewater and groundwater users (n=10, p = 0.10). The accuracy of survey results and crop modelling is dependant on crop type (p = 0.043, n=9) and season (p = 0.04, n=9). Piezometric measurements support differences in returnflows as modeled. Groundwater development is low, however, the irrigation return flows constitute an important source of ground water recharge. Findings indicate further potential for groundwater-based irrigation in wastewater irrigated areas maximizing the area under cultivation and benefits from the available water resources. These preliminary findings are being verified by more indepth studies that are presently underway and will finally allow the assessment different land and water use scenarios with regards to groundwater quality and quantity.
2 Lallemant, D.; Hamel, P.; Balbi, M.; Lim, T. N.; Schmitt, R.; Win, S. 2021. Nature-based solutions for flood risk reduction: a probabilistic modeling framework. One Earth, 4(9):1310-1321. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.010]
Flooding ; Disaster risk reduction ; Modelling ; Frameworks ; Risk analysis ; Risk management ; Infrastructure ; Ecosystem services ; Vulnerability ; Mitigation ; Forest protection ; Deforestation ; Hydraulic models ; Case studies / Myanmar / Chindwin River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050650)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332221004681/pdfft?md5=20992864627eef19cf897310fe5cb52c&pid=1-s2.0-S2590332221004681-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050650.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050650.pdf
(3.37 MB) (3.37 MB)
Undervaluing the protections natural ecosystems provide against flooding has detrimental impacts for society, particularly given the increase in flood hazard in the context of climate and land-use changes. Against this backdrop, we develop a framework to quantify these natural protections, even in settings with limited available data. By applying this framework to the Chindwin River basin, we find that forest cover has a significant impact on flood risk. Further, we find that nature-based solutions are most effective against small storms, but these are the largest contributors to overall flood impact because they are so frequent. The current focus on large flood events means that these important benefits are often obscured. Identifying and quantifying the benefits of natural ecosystems using the same metrics as those used to evaluate ‘‘gray’’ infrastructure can help mainstream nature-based solutions within planning practice, leading to more resilient and sustainable societies.
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