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1 Qadir, Manzoor. (Ed.) 2008. Sustainable management of wastewater for agriculture: proceedings of the First Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 11-15 November 2007. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 133p.
Wastewater management ; Crop production ; Rural communities ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water reuse ; Food security ; Sewage sludge ; Heavy metals ; Water quality ; Organic compounds ; Groundwater ; Farming systems ; Polluted soils ; Sanitation / Middle East / Africa / Jordan / Lebanon / Syria / Sudan / Uganda / Pakistan / Kampala / Jordan Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 GG30 QAD Record No: H041867)
http://www.icarda.org/docrep/Books/First_Bridging_Workshop.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
(1.27 MB) (1.09MB)
2 Abaidoo, R. C.; Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Dissanayake, Priyanka; Maxwell, Akple S. 2010. Soil and crop contamination through wastewater irrigation and options for risk reduction in developing countries. In Dion, P. (Ed.). Soil biology and agriculture in the tropics. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag. pp.498-535.
Wastewater irrigation ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Crops ; Heavy metals ; Organic compounds ; Inorganic compounds ; Water storage ; Reservoirs ; Filtration / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042644)
(0.19 MB)
Wastewater irrigation is becoming a global phenomenon, as a result of global water scarcity and increased pollution of water sources. While this practice offers many opportunities, human health risks from contaminated soils and crops irrigated with wastewater pose the greatest challenges to this practice. In this chapter, contaminants in wastewater of most relevance to soil and crop, such as pathogens, heavy metals and other organic contaminants as well as the related human health and environmental risks are discussed. There is a general consensus that untreated wastewater contaminates soils and crops and poses health risks, however the threats vary widely. While wastewater treatment is the best choice to address this problem, a number of low-cost technological options and health protection measures exist to address the contamination challenges especially in developing countries. These include irrigation methods, farm-based measures for improving water quality, choice of crop, water application techniques, soil phytoremediation, zoning and post-harvest measures. For comprehensive risk reduction, a combination of these measures is recommended especially where comprehensive wastewater treatment is not feasible.
3 Rajapaksha, R. M. C. P. 2014. Soil biodiversity: microorganisms in soils of Sri Lanka. Bttaramulla, Sri Lanka: Biodiversity Secretraiat. Ministry of Environment & Renewable Energy. 70p.
Biodiversity conservation ; Biotechnology ; Soil microorganisms ; Soil properties ; Soil genesis ; Prokaryotae ; Fungi ; Algae ; Microbial flora ; Organic compounds ; Pollutants ; Biological control ; Plant pathologists ; Habitats ; Forest ecosystems ; Wetlands ; Biosensors ; Food crops / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9516 G744 BIO Record No: H047221)
4 Qadir, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Contaminant management in water reuse systems. In Eslamian, S. (Ed.). Urban water reuse handbook. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp. 525-532.
Water reuse ; Contamination ; Pollution control ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Freshwater ; Risk management ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Cadmium ; Salts ; Ions ; Crop management ; Soil management ; Nutrients ; Irrigation management ; Drainage ; Salinity control ; Organic compounds ; Diversification ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047361)
(0.84 MB)
Although wastewater has been increasingly used to grow a range of crops for income generation and livelihood resilience in urban and peri-urban areas, irrigation with untreated or partially treated wastewater may result in negative impacts on irrigated crops, soils, and groundwater along with implications for human and environmental health through chemical and microbial risks. With the potential for environmental risks due to concentrations above the maximum allowable levels, the major chemical constituent groups that need to be addressed in wastewater-irrigated environments are metals and metalloids, essential nutrients, salts and specific ionic species, and persistent organic pollutants. To avoid potential negative impacts, conventional wastewater treatment options, which can control the release of these contaminants into the environment, remain the key to protecting water quality for beneficial uses in agriculture, aquaculture, and agroforestry systems. Effective legislation, monitoring, and enforcement are also essential and often neglected management strategies. At the farm level, some low-cost irrigation, soil, and crop management options, discussed in this chapter, are available to reduce the risk from contaminants added through wastewater irrigation.
5 Keraita, B.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Agricultural water reuse in low-income settings: health risks and risk management strategies. In Eslamian, S. (Ed.). Urban water reuse handbook. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp. 505-512.
Agriculture ; Water reuse ; Income ; Less favoured areas ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Farmers ; Crops ; Pathogens ; Organic compounds ; Pollutants ; Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Helminthoses ; Sanitation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047362)
(0.83 MB)
Wastewater may be defined as the combination of liquid wastes discharged from domestic households, farms, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments eventually mixed with groundwater, surface water, and stormwater. Wastewater is increasingly receiving global attention as it is seen as one of the alternative solutions to increasing global water scarcity. Indeed, wastewater is globally being reused in many applications including groundwater recharge, industrial reuse like for cooling, environmental and recreational uses, nonpotable urban uses, and indirect or direct potable reuse.
However, agricultural irrigation and landscaping is by far the largest wastewater use sector. Indeed, millions of farmers worldwide are involved in wastewater irrigation activities. However, wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and contaminants, which may pose health risks if not well managed. These pollutants include salts, metals, metalloids, pathogens, residual drugs, organic compounds, endocrine disruptor compounds, and active residues of personal care products. The kind and extent of health risks depend on many factors including the types and levels of contaminants as well as regional risk relevance. In low-income countries, risks from pathogens receive the most attention. This is because people in these countries are most affected by diseases caused by poor sanitation such as diarrheal diseases and helminth infections, so high loads of pathogenic microorganisms are often found in wastewater systems.
Focusing on low-income contexts, this chapter presents health risks posed by wastewater irrigation activities and some practical examples on how these risks could be managed.
However, agricultural irrigation and landscaping is by far the largest wastewater use sector. Indeed, millions of farmers worldwide are involved in wastewater irrigation activities. However, wastewater contains a variety of pollutants and contaminants, which may pose health risks if not well managed. These pollutants include salts, metals, metalloids, pathogens, residual drugs, organic compounds, endocrine disruptor compounds, and active residues of personal care products. The kind and extent of health risks depend on many factors including the types and levels of contaminants as well as regional risk relevance. In low-income countries, risks from pathogens receive the most attention. This is because people in these countries are most affected by diseases caused by poor sanitation such as diarrheal diseases and helminth infections, so high loads of pathogenic microorganisms are often found in wastewater systems.
Focusing on low-income contexts, this chapter presents health risks posed by wastewater irrigation activities and some practical examples on how these risks could be managed.
6 Fernando, B. S. R.; Ranasinghe, R. A. C. P.; Punchihewa, H. K. G. 2017. Organic rankine cycle (ORC): performance of working fluids and energy recovery potential in Sri Lankan thermal power plants. In Sri Lanka. The Institution of Engineers. Transactions of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka. Technical Papers (Part B). Colombo, Sri Lanka: The Institution of Engineers. pp.151-159.
Energy recovery ; Fluids ; Thermal energy ; Organic compounds ; Decane ; Heptane ; Pentane ; Temperature ; Economic analysis ; Investment / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048498)
ORC based power generation is becoming popular as a way of generating electricity from low-grade heat sources such waste heat. Working fluid selection and system optimization based on heat source temperature are two critical aspects of ORC design. In this work, eleven fluids comprised of hydrocarbons and refrigerants were theoretically investigated to maximize the work output for a range of source temperatures. Results show that Heptane, Pentane and Decane show favourable results in terms of work outputs while, in terms of efficiency, Decane and Heptane are better. Further, it was found that Pentane outperforms, when source temperatures are between 45 – 190 0C, while Heptane for 190 – 260 0C. Decane is more suitable for 260 – 340 0C range. Based on the theoretical analysis, a new summarized graphical chart was developed for Pentane, Heptane and Decane, where one point on the graph can denote approximate work output, efficiency, pressure, temperature and other required data for the initial design process and fluid selection of an ORC plant. Subsequently, the economic feasibility of ORC was assessed considering WH data of all the thermal plants of in Sri Lanka. Possible electric power outputs were computed for each selected plant, for selected fluids from the above theoretical analysis. Then, maximum work out of each case was selected for further economic evaluation under seven different scenarios, which represents the future economic situation in the country. Investment cost was estimated pertaining to the maximum work output and payback time was estimated to evaluate the investment feasibility. Interestingly, results show that some of the high volume power stations are very good candidate for ORC, which has very short payback time even with the worst possible economic situations considered.
7 Rao, Krishna C.; Gebrezgabher, Solomie. 2018. Power from municipal solid waste - Business Model 7. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.232-237.
Municipal wastes ; Solid wastes ; Organic wastes ; Organic compounds ; Business models ; Biogas ; Composting ; Electricity generation ; Cost recovery ; Supply chain ; Risk reduction ; Environmental impact assessment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048645)
(964 KB)
8 Qadir, M.; Drechsel, Pay; Salcedo, F. P.; Robles, L. P.; Ben-Gal, A.; Grattan, S. R. 2023. Chemical risks and risk management measures of relevance to crop production with special consideration of salinity. In Drechsel, Pay; Marjani Zadeh, S.; Salcedo, F. P. (Eds.). Water quality in agriculture: risks and risk mitigation. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.41-75.
Chemical contamination ; Risk management ; Crop production ; Salinity ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Heavy metals ; Organic compounds ; Contaminants ; Sodic soils ; Irrigation methods ; Risk reduction ; Mitigation ; Risk assessment ; Guidelines
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052242)
(3.78 MB)
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