Your search found 8 records
1 Khan, Abdul Hakeem; Munir, Sarfraz; Mahmood, S.; Turral, Hugh. 2004. Transition from conventional to modern water management in Pakistan. Paper presented at the International Forum on Food Security Under Water Scarcity in the Middle East: problems and solutions. Landau Network – Centro Volta, Water Security Division, Como, Italy, 24-28 November 2004. 12p.
Irrigation management ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigated farming ; Drought ; Cropping systems ; Water use ; Constraints / Pakistan / Upper Swat Canal
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7 G730 KHA Record No: H036134)
2 Khan, Abdul Hakeem; Masih, Ilyas; Munir, Sarfraz. 2006. Public-private partnership in water management in Pakistan, experiences and constraints. In Sixth IAELP International Workshop on Water Saving Technologies, Amritsar, Punjab, India, 22-24 February 2006. 17p.
Irrigation management ; Participatory management ; Farmer participation ; Farmers associations ; Water user associations ; Water conservation ; Drainage ; Watercourses ; Tube wells / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.3 G730 KHA Record No: H039808)
3 Khan, Abdul Hakeem; Munir, Sarfraz; Ahmad, Waqas; Turral, Hugh. 2006. Introducing modern environment friendly technology for water management in customary environment of Pakistan. In International Symposium on Agriculture in the 21st Century, Issues and Strategies. Agriculture University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 14-15 March 2006. 9p.
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation operation ; Crop based irrigation ; Maize ; Tobacco ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation scheduling ; Capacity building / Pakistan / Indus River / Tarbela Reservoir / Pehur High Level Canal / Upper Swat Canal / Maira Branch Canal
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G730 KHA Record No: H039811)
4 van der Hoek, Wim; Ul Hassan, Mehmood; Ensink, Jeroen H. J.; Feenstra, Sabiena; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Munir, Sarfraz; Aslam, Rizwan; Ali, Nazim; Hussain, R.; Matsuno, Yutaka. 2003. Air limbah kota: Sebuah sumberdaya bernilai untuk pertanian: Studi kasus dari Haroonabad, Pakistan. In Indonesian. [Urban wastewater: a valuable resource for agriculture: a case study from Haroonabad, Pakistan]. VISI Irigasi, Sumberdaya Air, Lahan Dan Pembangunan, 25:99-134.
Wastewater ; Irrigation water ; Water reuse ; Economic analysis ; Soil properties ; Households ; Water availability ; Water use ; Water quality ; Groundwater ; Public health ; Risks ; Case studies / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 7945 Record No: H040356)
(2.00 MB)
5 Munir, Sarfraz; Schultz, B.; Khan, Abdul Hakeem; Suryadi, F. X.; Gichuki, Francis. 2007. Hydrodynamic behavior of a canal network under simultaneous supply and demand based operations. Paper presented at the USCID Fourth International Conference on Irrigation and Drainage held in Sacramento, California, USA, 3-6 October, 2007. 17p.
Irrigation canals ; Flow control ; Canal regulation techniques ; Crop based irrigation ; Water requirements ; Irrigation scheduling ; Simulation models / Pakistan / Machai Branch Canal / Pehure High Level Canal / Maira Branch Canal / North West Frontier Province / Swat River / Indus River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G730 MUN Record No: H040871)
The irrigation network of this study consists of three branch canals (the Machai Branch Canal, the Pehure High Level Canal (PHLC) and the Maira Branch Canal) connected to each other in such a way that the Machai Branch and the PHLC feed the Maira Branch Canal for providing a reliable irrigation service. The Machai Branch Canal has limited and erratic discharges and can not fulfill the peak water requirements of the Maira Branch Canal and therefore any deficiency in the supplies to the Maira Branch Canal is automatically compensated by the PHLC. PHLC is an automatic canal and has been equipped with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) discharge controllers at its head whereas the Machai Branch Canal has fixed supply based operations. The Maira Branch Canal is also an automatically downstream controlled irrigation canal, which is operated according to crop water requirements using Crop Based Irrigation Operations (CBIO) model. Under this scheme of operations the flows remain changing most of the time following the crop water requirements curve. The frequent changes in discharges keep the canal in unsteady state conditions, which affect the functioning of automatic discharge and water level regulation structures. Efficient system operation is a prerequisite for getting better water productivity and the precise understanding of the behavior of the structures and canal’s hydrodynamics against such changes is a key for getting effective system operations. In this paper the canal’s hydrodynamic behavior and the automatic structures’ functioning have been assessed and suggestions have been provided to fine tune the automatic discharge controllers in order to avoid the oscillatory and abrupt hydrodynamic behavior in the canal. The guidelines have been provided for the operation of the secondary system for achieving smooth and sustainable operations of the canals. In addition to this the effects of any discharge variation in the Machai Branch Canal on the automatic discharge controller’s behavior also has been assessed.
6 Munir, Sarfraz; Ahmad, Waqas; Alam, N. 2008. Water saving and environment friendly canal operations in high water allowance canals. Pakistan Journal of Water Resources, 12(1):29-45.
Water conservation ; Irrigation canals ; Operations ; Flow control ; Water requirements ; Groundwater recharge / Pakistan / Machai-Maira irrigation canals / Pehur High Level Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H042569)
(0.59 MB)
NWFP is a rich province in water resources and therefore irrigation canals have water allowances higher than any other province in Pakistan. If these canals are operated according to existing supply based operation then it would lead to water logging of fertile land and would cause severe water losses as well. To avoid this situation, there is a need to devise such canal operation plans which can prevent these adverse effects of increased irrigation supplies. In this situation, the water should not be let unjustifiably to the irrigators, otherwise they would over-irrigate their lands and will cause waterlogging. This can be tackled by adopting a semi-demand based canal operations approach which has two-tiered benefits of water saving and preventing waterlogging. Crop Based Irrigation Operations (CBIO) is a canal operations strategy which can achieve these objectives, if implemented in true sense. In this paper the development, implementation and benefits of CBIO have been discussed, while implementing it on Machai-Maira irrigation canals.
7 Munir, Sarfraz; Ahmad, Waqas; Hussain, Asghar. 2009. Effect of transboundary water agreements on water and food security of downstream riparian communities: a case study of Indus Waters Treaty. Paper presented at the National Conference on World Water Day, Pakistan Engineering Congress, Lahore, Pakistan, 28 March 2009. 33p.
River basin management ; Conflict ; Treaties ; International agreements ; Irrigation systems ; Food security / India / Pakistan / Indus River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042568)
(0.33 MB)
Transboundary water conflicts are awfully crucial in their nature as they not only endanger the food and water security of the riparian communities but also jeopardize the security and existence of the conflicting nations. Any inappropriate action done by upper riparians directly affects the existence of lower riparians. Therefore they need special care to be dealt with. There are 261 international rivers, covering almost one-half of the total land surface which are shared between two or more nations. The management of international waters has been poorly defined in the international arena. In 1947, after the independence of subcontinent, the Indus Basin was divided into two parts between India and Pakistan. Soon after independence India started to halt the river supplies to Pakistan and closed all supplies to the canals which were crossing the India-Pakistan border. India agreed to restore some of the supplies to Pakistan in May 1948, when quite a pro-Indian temporary agreement was signed. It was, however, generally realized that Pakistan could not live without restoration of the full supplies and on this question there could be no compromise. Direct negotiations between the parties failed to resolve the dispute. Negotiations under the World Bank commenced in May 1952. The World Bank planned to divide Indus Basin Rivers into two parts the eastern rivers, under completely Indian control and the western rivers for unrestricted use by Pakistan. Pakistan was not fully convinced and refused to sign until 1958 but ultimately the Treaty was formalized in 1960 after some necessary modifications. Pakistan, on one hand, was deprived a substantial amount of its waters in the Indus Waters Treaty, but on the other, it also got the right of unrestricted use of western rivers. Pakistan also received some assistance (grants and loans) from the World Bank for construction of replacement works for some water storage and diversions. It is evident that the closure or diversion of river flows in the upstream reaches not only affect the downstream river ecology but also puts the downstream irrigated agriculture at stake. This paper highlights the effects of the IWT on water availability and irrigated agriculture in Pakistan. Study finds that though there are some deprivations of surface waters availability to the Pakistan under the IWT but at the same time there are also some improvements in canal water diversions, which are mainly due to the construction of water storage reservoirs. An increase in the cropped area and crop production also has been observed which owes to many other social, economical and technical factors but all this was not possible without reliable irrigation water supplies.
8 Ahmed, N.; Zhu, L.; Wang, G.; Adeyeri, O. E.; Shah, S.; Ali, S.; Marhaento, H.; Munir, Sarfraz. 2023. Occurrence and distribution of long-term variability in precipitation classes in the source region of the Yangtze River. Sustainability, 15(7):5834. (Special issue: Hydro-Meteorology and its Application in Hydrological Modeling) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075834]
Climate change ; Precipitation ; Trends ; Rivers ; Rainfall ; Drought ; Time series analysis ; Hydrological factors ; Dry spells ; Vegetation / China / Yangtze River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051888)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/7/5834/pdf?version=1679974417
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051888.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051888.pdf
(6.22 MB) (6.22 MB)
Various precipitation-related studies have been conducted on the Yangtze River. However, the topography and atmospheric circulation regime of the Source Region of the Yangtze River (SRYZ) differ from other basin parts. Along with natural uniqueness, precipitation constitutes over 60% of the direct discharge in the SRYZ, which depicts the decisive role of precipitation and a necessary study on the verge of climate change. The study evaluates the event distribution of long-term variability in precipitation classes in the SRYZ. The precipitation was classified into three precipitation classes: light precipitation (0–5 mm, 5–10 mm), moderate precipitation (10–15 mm, 15–20 mm, 20–25 mm), and heavy precipitation (>25 mm). The year 1998 was detected as a changing year using the Pettitt test in the precipitation time series; therefore, the time series was divided into three scenarios: Scenario-R (1961–2016), the pre-change point (Scenario-I; 1961–1998), and the post-change point (Scenario-II; 1999–2016). Observed annual precipitation amounts in the SRYZ during Scenario-R and Scenario-I significantly increased by 13.63 mm/decade and 48.8 mm/decade, respectively. The same increasing trend was evident in seasonal periods. On a daily scale, light precipitation (0–5 mm) covered most of the days during the entire period, with rainy days accounting for 83.50%, 84.5%, and 81.30%. These rainy days received up to 40%, 41%, and 38% of the annual precipitation during Scenario-R, Scenario-I, and Scenario-II, respectively. Consequently, these key findings of the study will be helpful in basin-scale water resources management.
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