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1 Ranaweera, N. F. C.; Gunasena, H. P. M.; Senanayake, Y. D. A. (Eds.) 1998. Changing agricultural opportunities: The role of farming systems approaches - Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Sustainable Farming Systems, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 11-16 November 1996. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: Asian Farming Systems Association (AFSA) xv, 477p.
Sustainable agriculture ; Farming systems ; Agricultural research ; Farmer participation ; Research policy ; Food security ; Households ; Maize ; Food policy ; Agricultural extension ; Appropriate technology ; Sorghum ; Irrigation programs ; Privatization ; Farmers' associations ; Agroforestry ; Social systems ; Cotton ; Price policy ; Models ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Production costs ; Watersheds ; Energy resources ; Fuelwood ; Local government ; Case studies ; Gender ; Women in development ; Decision making ; Goats ; Livestock ; Employment ; Income generation ; Animal husbandry ; Labor allocation ; Training ; Human resource development ; Cropping systems ; Fertilizers ; Pest control ; Traditional farming ; Agricultural development ; Research institutes ; Technology transfer ; Weed control / Sri Lanka / Kenya / India / Sudan / Bangladesh / Philippines / Brazil / USA / Japan / West Africa / Burkina Faso / Thailand / Nigeria / Ghana / Tanzania / West Java / Indonesia / Kandy / Rahad Irrigation Scheme / Leyte / Matalom / Bahia State / Massaroca / Benin / Lantapan / Bukidnon / Nakuru District / Savanna / Sierra Leone / Iringa / Mbeya / Karnataka
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631 G000 RAN Record No: H026343)
2 Zheng, J.; Qu, Y.; Kilasara, M. M.; Mmari, W. N.; Funakawa, S. 2019. Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide in two Tanzanian croplands: effects of nitrogen and stover management. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 275:24-36. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.05.009]
Farmland ; Soil air ; Nitrous oxide ; Nitrogen ; Fertilizers ; Stover ; Emission ; Environmental effects ; Soil types ; Maize ; Crop yield / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Iringa / Mbeya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049328)
(3.14 MB)
Cropland intensification is needed to meet the demand for food in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This process requires a dramatic increase in resource inputs, including fertilizer-nitrogen (N) and organic residues (e.g., stover), which alter the soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O). The dearth of N2O emission data for SSA croplands, however, limits our ability to define regional and global N2O flux and mitigation opportunities. In two soils planted with maize in Tanzania (Iringa, sandy Alfisols; Mbeya, clayey Andisols), we conducted year-round measurements for 2 consecutive years to quantify N2O emissions in response to increasing N rates and in combination with maize stover incorporation. Rainfall and the resulting soil moisture, rather than soil temperature, were important environmental drivers of N2O emissions in these fields. Applied N stimulated N2O fluxes across soil types but with different magnitudes—lower in Iringa because of the dominance of nitrification in N2O production and higher in Mbeya likely from promoted denitrification when the water-filled pore space was >47%. N2O emission increased exponentially or linearly with N rate, depending on the year. The direct N2O emission factors were well below the 1% of the IPCC Tier 1 method, ranging from 0.13% to 0.26% in Iringa and from 0.24% to 0.42% in Mbeya, for a N rate of 50–150 kg N ha-1 during the study. Compared with N application alone, stover plus N did not significantly alter maize yield, but did raise N2O emissions significantly (P = 0.06). Consequently, stover incorporation markedly increased the emission factor (up to 0.46% in Iringa and 1.29% in Mbeya) as well as yield-scaled N2O emissions. Our results suggest that linear and exponential emission responses can occur in SSA croplands and challenge the promotion of combining stover with fertilizer-N as resource input management in this region.
3 Msaki, G. L.; Njau, K. N.; Treydte, A. C.; Lyimo, T. 2022. Social knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions on wastewater treatment, technologies, and reuse in Tanzania. Water Reuse, 12(2):223-241. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.096]
Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Recycling ; Technology ; Social aspects ; Attitudes ; Health hazards ; Constructed wetlands ; Irrigation ; Water supply ; Economic activities ; Households ; Multivariate analysis / United Republic of Tanzania / Kilimanjaro / Arusha / Iringa / Dar es Salaam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051259)
https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/12/2/223/1067484/jwrd0120223.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051259.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051259.pdf
(0.75 MB) (764 KB)
This study assessed the social knowledge, attitude, and perceptions (KAPs) on wastewater treatment, the technologies involved, and its reuse across different wastewater treatment areas in four regions of Tanzania. We used both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods in a household-level questionnaire (n=327) with structured and semi-structured questions, which involved face-to-face interviews and observation. Our results show that social KAPs surrounding wastewater treatment and reuse were sufficient based on KAP scores achieved from asked questions. However, the general knowledge on treatment technologies, processes, and reuse risks was still low. Of the respondents, over 50% approved using treated wastewater in various applications, while the majority (93%) were reluctant if the application involved direct contact with the water. Furthermore, over 90% of interviewees did not know the technologies used to treat wastewater and the potential health risks associated with its use (59%). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the KAPs on treated wastewater across different studied demographic variables, i.e., age, sex, and education level. Therefore, we recommend that more effort be spent on providing public education about the potential of wastewater treatment and existing technologies in order to facilitate their adoption for the community's and environment's benefit.
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