Your search found 9 records
1 Ingelaere, B.; Christiaensen, L.; De Weerdt, J.; Kanbur, R. 2018. Why secondary towns can be important for poverty reduction - a migrant perspective. World Development, 105:273-282. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.025]
Rural urban migration ; Poverty ; Urbanization ; Towns ; Off farm employment ; Life cycle ; Social aspects ; Living standards ; Economic aspects ; Villages / Africa South of Sahara / Tanzania / Kagera / Dar es Salaam / Bukoba
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048797)
(0.36 MB)
This paper develops the concept of ‘action space’ as the range of possible destinations a migrant can realistically move to at a given point in time and, intimately linked to this, the set of possible livelihoods at destination. We show how this space expands and contracts over time through "cumulative causation". Such a dynamic framework allows us to appreciate the role of secondary towns in rural-urban migration and poverty reduction. Secondary towns occupy a unique middle ground between semi-subsistence agriculture and the capitalistic city; between what is close-by and familiar and what is much further away and unknown. By opening up the horizons of the (poorer) rural population and facilitating navigation of the non-farm economy, secondary towns allow a broader base of the poor population to become physically, economically and socially mobile. Secondary towns therefore have great potential as vehicles for inclusive growth and poverty reduction in urbanizing developing countries. These are the insights emerging from in-depth life history accounts of 75 purposively selected rural–urban migrants from rural Kagera, in Tanzania.
2 Joly, Gabrielle; Nikiema, Josiane. 2019. Global experiences on waste processing with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): from technology to business. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 62p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 16) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.214]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Waste management ; Waste treatment ; Waste reduction ; Technology ; Black soldier fly ; Hermetia illucens ; Life cycle ; Bioconversion ; Insect farming ; Breeding ; Larvae ; Pupae ; Yields ; Harvesting ; Lipid content ; Animal feeding ; Feedstocks ; Biomass ; Biofuels ; Biodiesel ; Chitin ; Residues ; Organic wastes ; Fertilizers ; Nutrients ; Energy conservation ; Infrastructure ; Monitoring ; Economic impact ; Economic value ; Costs ; Environmental effects ; Legal aspects ; Social benefits ; Public health ; Business models ; Markets ; Case studies / Indonesia / South Africa / Ghana / Canada / FORWARD Project / AgriProtein / Ento-Prise Project / Enterra Feed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049395)
(1.68 MB)
Black soldier fly colonies can produce about 100 times more protein per year than chicken or soybeans, not to mention cattle, on the same area of land. The flies can directly feed on different types of organic wastes, leapfrogging closed loop processes within a circular food economy. Also, where no protein is needed, for example, to feed fish or pigs, the larvae can be processed into high-quality biodiesel. However, can this be done at scale? The answer is ‘Yes’. The report showcases some of the leading global businesses in Black Soldier Fly production.
3 Pradhan, R.; Meinzen-Dick, R.; Theis, S. 2019. Property rights, intersectionality, and women's empowerment in Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies, 70:26-35. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.05.003]
Property rights ; Gender ; Role of women ; Empowerment ; Households ; Personal property ; Social aspects ; Customary law ; Ethnic groups ; Norms ; Living standards ; Life cycle / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049400)
(0.29 MB)
Property is widely recognized as an important resource for empowering women. Many development policies worldwide therefore call for strengthening women's rights to property, especially to physical assets such as land and livestock. However, the relationship between property and women's empowerment is more complex than generally assumed because of the overlapping and dynamic nature of property rights. In this paper, we explore how property rights affect the empowerment of women at different stages of the life cycle and different social locations, ethnicities, household structures, and social classes, using the lens of intersectionality. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted for the “Evaluation of the Welfare Impacts of a Livestock Transfer Program in Nepal,” we examine patterns in women's strategies to exercise specific rights over joint and personal property within their households. The findings show that legal categories of property rights in Nepal fail to account for nuanced rights to assets shared within households. Rather than emphasize individual control over assets for women's empowerment, the social relations around property need to be considered to understand which rights women value. The paper makes recommendations for how research and development projects, especially in South Asia, can avoid misinterpreting asset and empowerment data by incorporating nuance around the concepts of property rights over the life cycle.
4 De Falco, F.; Nikiema, Josiane; Wagner, S. 2021. Mitigation technologies and best practices. In Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Policies to reduce microplastics pollution in water: focus on textiles and tyres. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. pp.64-102. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/156bdfa5-en]
Microplastic pollution ; Mitigation ; Technology ; Best practices ; Textile industry ; Tyres ; Life cycle ; Wastewater treatment ; Sewage sludge ; Treatment plants ; OECD countries ; Industrial wastewater ; Stormwater runoff
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051310)
This chapter documents and assesses available best practices and technologies that can be employed to mitigate the release of microplastics from textiles and tyres into the environment. The chapter follows a life-cycle approach, discussing options implementable at the design and manufacturing, use and end-of-life phases, as well as options for the end-of-pipe capture of microplastics.
5 Moore, D.; Bach, V.; Finkbeiner, M.; Honkomp, T.; Ahn, H.; Sprenger, M.; Froese, L.; Gratzel, D. 2023. Offsetting environmental impacts beyond climate change: the circular ecosystem compensation approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 329:117068. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117068]
Climate change ; Environmental impact ; Ecosystem services ; Life cycle ; Water use ; Land use ; Environmental restoration ; Landscape ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051694)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030147972202641X/pdfft?md5=8a8669556ed49968a776bb6201145ad6&pid=1-s2.0-S030147972202641X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051694.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051694.pdf
(9.84 MB) (9.84 MB)
Since the Paris Agreement entered into force, climate neutrality and associated compensation schemes are even more on the agenda of politics and companies. Challenges of existing offsetting schemes include the rather theoretical saving scenario and the limited scope of considered impacts. To address some of these limitations, this paper proposes the Circular Ecosystem Compensation (CEC) approach based on monetization of LCA results and Ecosystem Valuation. CEC consists of six steps: i) carrying out a life cycle assessment, ii) reducing the environmental impacts, iii) determining environmental costs applying monetization methods, iv) deriving the environmental value based on restoration costs methods, v) implementing the ecological restoration of ecosystems and vi) monitoring of the renaturation measures. Thus, CEC allows to offset a broad set of environmental impacts beyond climate change (e.g., acidification, eutrophication, land use, water use) in a real ecosystem by renaturation of degraded ecosystems. Environmental burdens and environmental benefits are balanced on a monetary basis, as the renaturation measures are monetized and used to compensate the monetized LCA results, e.g., of a product, organization or individual. In a case study, the implementation of the approach is presented to show the practical implementation of the CEC. The challenges of CEC include the integration of further impact categories, the availability of up-to-date and reliable monetization methods, the asynchrony and time-lag of the compensation from an ecosystem and biodiversity perspective and the proof of cost-efficiency of the renaturation measures. It is further discussed, if CEC can be a step beyond “climate neutrality” towards “environmental neutrality”. The proposed approach should be further tested and is intended to foster progress in more comprehensive and robust offsetting of environmental impacts beyond climate change.
6 Emara, K. 2023. Sustainable solid waste management in rural areas: a case study of Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Energy Nexus, 9:100168. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100168]
Solid wastes ; Waste management ; Urban wastes ; Life cycle ; Villages ; Rural areas ; Environmental impact ; Waste treatment ; Sustainability ; Global warming ; Case studies / Egypt / Fayoum
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051792)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772427122001231/pdfft?md5=e282a396972a584634275f818067cd3c&pid=1-s2.0-S2772427122001231-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051792.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051792.pdf
(3.92 MB) (3.92 MB)
Municipal solid waste generation and disposal are significant environmental problems in both urban and rural communities due to the increasing population, especially in developing countries, and the lack or absence of a proper waste management service. The present work aims to study the waste management system in rural areas to select an appropriate treatment facility to improve the waste management system. Hence, three villages (Qalamshah, Monshat Ramzy, and Abou Defeya) in Markaz Etsa in Fayoum Governorate were selected as study areas due to the waste management system weakness. In this respect, characterization study in these three villages where MSW management services are either non-existent or insufficient: thus, making them a high priority and an effective advancement step towards achieving the bigger goal of sustainable municipal solid waste management. The results showed that the percentage of organic in these three villages is 76%, 67%, and 80% without diapers percentage which represents 9.3%, 14.3%, and 5.8% respectively. Three life cycle assessment scenarios (landfill scenario, anaerobic digestion, and Composting Scenario) were carried out and simulated using WRATE software. The composting and anaerobic scenarios have comparable and similar values in the following categories: global warming potential, acid rain, eutrophication potential, and resource depletion. In the category of acidification, the composting and anaerobic categories produce higher values than the landfill scenario. Finally, the feasibility study proves that the compost treatment plant is the best solution for the current situation of municipal solid waste for the annual savings by an amount of EGP 1,365,043 over the project period. Also, the compost solution is beneficial due to the availability of areas in Fayoum governorate and will be used for land reclamations as the Egyptian government started to reclaim a huge desert area near these villages.
7 Sanchez-Zarco, X. G.; Ponce-Ortega, J. M. 2023. Water-energy-food-ecosystem nexus: an optimization approach incorporating life cycle, security and sustainability assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 414:137534. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137534]
Energy ; Food security ; Food production ; Ecosystems ; Water extraction ; Nexus approaches ; Life cycle ; Sustainability ; Assessment ; Optimization methods ; Indicators ; Mathematical models ; Sustainable development ; Circular economy ; Ecological footprint ; Human health ; Fossil fuels ; Case studies / Mexico / Nuevo Leon
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052134)
(8.54 MB)
Nowadays, ecosystem damages limit sustainable development, which is exacerbated by the scarcity and high demand for resources such as water, energy and food. Therefore, this paper presents a new integrated circular economy approach to optimize the generation, use, and distribution of resources in a given region that takes into account the environmental footprint while considering the net social benefit. Multiple objectives, such as nexus security and environmental damage, are prioritized in terms of three categories: human health, ecosystem quality and resource depletion. The optimization model includes the life cycle analysis for each technology or extraction source with the eco-indicator 99 methodology throughout the supply chain. The determinant variables identified were water availability, renewable energy production and local food production. The food sector is described as promoting the use of hydroponic technologies, animal carrying capacity, and aquaculture activities. An area of Mexico was considered as a case study, considering domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities. The analysis of the variables of interest was carried out using different groups, identifying 7 attractive optimal scenarios. A direct proportion is observed between the security of the water-energy-food nexus and the associated economic profits, while the life cycle assessment fluctuates with the use of services. The results show the satisfaction of the demand for water, energy, and food, highlighting the vulnerability of the food sector concerning the net objectives by including unconventional techniques to provide healthy diets. Food accounts for 76–94% of the total damage caused, where each type of food is analyzed according to the excess energy needed to obtain in the future, the change in biodiversity, and the disability-adjusted life years, having as a reference the main diseases that cause death in Mexico.
8 Ruangpan, L.; Vojinovic, Z.; Plavsic, J.; Curran, A.; Rosic, N.; Pudar, R.; Savic, D.; Brdjanovic, D. 2024. Economic assessment of nature-based solutions to reduce flood risk and enhance co-benefits. Journal of Environmental Management, 352:119985. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119985]
Nature-based solutions ; Flood damage ; Risk reduction ; Risk management ; Economic aspects ; Economic impact ; Economic value ; Life cycle ; Assessment ; Cost benefit analysis ; Climate change ; Infrastructure ; Carbon sequestration ; Air pollution ; Indicators ; Afforestation ; Reforestation ; Floodplains ; Case studies / Serbia / Tamnava River Basin / Kolubara River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052545)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479723027731/pdfft?md5=2a652bc01f531738272a9a5a458a4f5b&pid=1-s2.0-S0301479723027731-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052545.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052545.pdf
(5.02 MB) (5.02 MB)
Flooding is expected to increase due to climate change, urbanisation, and land use change. To address this issue, Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) are often adopted as innovative and sustainable flood risk management methods. Besides the flood risk reduction benefits, NBSs offer co-benefits for the environment and society. However, these co-benefits are rarely considered in flood risk management due to the inherent complexities of incorporating them into economic assessments. This research addresses this gap by developing a comprehensive methodology that integrates the monetary analysis of co-benefits with flood risk reduction in economic assessments. In doing so, it aspires to provide a more holistic view of the impact of NBS in flood risk management. The assessment employs a framework based on life-cycle cost-benefit analysis, offering a systematic and transparent assessment of both costs and benefits over time supported by key indicators like net present value and benefit cost ratio. The methodology has been applied to the Tamnava basin in Serbia, where significant flooding occurred in 2014 and 2020. The methodology offers valuable insights for practitioners, researchers, and planners seeking to assess the co-benefits of NBS and integrate them into economic assessments. The results show that when considering flood risk reduction alone, all considered measures have higher costs than the benefits derived from avoiding flood damage. However, when incorporating co-benefits, several NBS have a net positive economic impact, including afforestation/reforestation and retention ponds with cost-benefit ratios of 3.5 and 5.6 respectively. This suggests that incorporating co-benefits into economic assessments can significantly increase the overall economic efficiency and viability of NBS.
9 Adamtey, Noah; Badu, E.; Ayimba, N.; Kimathi, F.; Gebrezgabher, Solomie. 2024. Black soldier fly farming for feed and biofertilizer: a practical guide. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Nature-Positive Solutions. 50p.
Insect farming ; Hermetia illucens ; Feeds ; Biofertilizers ; Waste treatment ; Larvae ; Pupae ; Life cycle ; Animal feeding ; Organic wastes ; Feedstocks ; Nutrients ; Bioconversion ; Harvesting ; Storage ; Packaging ; Training materials
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052841)
(10.0 MB)
The aim of this guide is to facilitate the utilization of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) as an alternative protein and fertilizer source, contributing to employment generation and poverty reduction. It is designed to support farmers, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), Extension Agents, and other stakeholders in acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills to engage in BSF farming as a viable business opportunity. Serving as an all-encompassing guide, it systematically outlines the ‘how’ and ‘why’ behind each stage of the BSF production cycle, starting from initial startup (point zero) to the successful harvesting phase. The manual also delves into the science of BSF farming, elucidates the steps for establishment, covers best practices, and provides insights into potential challenges within the production chain, along with strategies for ensuring the sustainability of the BSF enterprise.
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