Your search found 7 records
1 Barker, S. F.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay. 2014. A probabilistic model of gastroenteritis risks associated with consumption of street food salads in Kumasi, Ghana: evaluation of methods to estimate pathogen dose from water, produce or food quality. Science of the Total Environment, 487:130-142. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.108]
Gastroenteritis ; Diarrhoea ; Rotavirus ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Food quality ; Food composition ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Sewage ; Faecal coliforms ; Health hazards / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI IHQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046442)
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046442.pdf
(0.68 MB)
With a rapidly growing urban population in Kumasi, Ghana, the consumption of street food is increasing. Raw salads, which often accompany street food dishes, are typically composed of perishable vegetables that are grown in close proximity to the city using poor quality water for irrigation. This study assessed the risk of gastroenteritis illness (caused by rotavirus, norovirus and Ascaris lumbricoides) associated with the consumption of street food salads using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Three different risk assessment models were constructed, based on availability of microbial concentrations: 1)Water — starting from irrigation water quality, 2) Produce — starting from the quality of produce at market, and 3) Street — using microbial quality of street food salad. In the absence of viral concentrations, published ratios between faecal coliforms and viruses were used to estimate the quality of water, produce and salad, and annual disease burdens were determined. Rotavirus dominated the estimates of annual disease burden (~10-3 Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year (DALYs pppy)), although norovirus also exceeded the 10-4 DALY threshold for both Produce and Street models. The Water model ignored other on-farm and post-harvest sources of contamination and consistently produced lower estimates of risk; it likely underestimates disease burden and therefore is not recommended. Required log reductions of up to 5.3 (95th percentile) for rotavirus were estimated for the Street model, demonstrating that significant interventions are required to protect the health and safety of street food consumers in Kumasi. Estimates of virus concentrations were a significant source of model uncertainty and more data on pathogen concentrations is needed to refine QMRA estimates of disease burden.

2 Drechsel, Pay; Obuobie, E.; Adam-Bradford, A.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2014. Governmental and regulatory aspects of irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana and options for its institutionalization. In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.199-218.
Urban agriculture ; Irrigated farming ; Vegetable growing ; Institutionalization ; Legal aspects ; Regulations ; Government agencies ; Wastewater management ; Food quality ; Food safety / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046612)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/irrigated_urban_vegetable_production_in_ghana-chapter-15.pdf
(476.59 KB)
This chapter examines key institutional issues that are important to the recognition and sustainability of irrigated vegetable farming in Ghanaian cities. It assesses the informal nature of the business and examines current roles being played by relevant agencies directly or indirectly linked to urban vegetable farming and urban wastewater management. The chapter also looks at relevant bylaws, strategies and policies that have implications for the recognition of informal irrigation and/or the adoption of safety measures for risk reduction in irrigated vegetable farming. It also suggests options to facilitate the institutionalization of irrigated urban agriculture.

3 Zhou, Z. 2015. Food security in China: past, present and the future. In Nagothu, U. S. (Ed.). Food security and development: country case studies. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.35-56.
Food security ; Food consumption ; Food quality ; Food production ; Food preservation ; Nutrition ; Environmental sustainability ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Income ; Farmers
/ China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.19 G000 NAG Record No: H046978)

4 De Keuckelaere, A.; Jacxsens, L.; Amoah, Philip; Medema, G.; McClure, P.; Jaykus, L.-A.; Uyttendaele, M. 2015. Zero risk does not exist: lessons learned from microbial risk assessment related to use of water and safety of fresh produce. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 14(4):387-410. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12140]
Risk assessment ; Biological contamination ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Rotavirus ; Bacteria ; Helminths ; Water quality ; Water use ; Fresh products ; Fruits ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment ; Food poisoning ; Food quality ; Consumer behaviour
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047014)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1541-4337.12140/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047014.pdf
(0.50 MB) (514 KB)
Risk assessments related to use of water and safety of fresh produce originate from both water and food microbiology studies. Although the set-up and methodology of risk assessment in these 2 disciplines may differ, analysis of the current literature reveals some common outcomes. Most of these studies from the water perspective focus on enteric virus risks, largely because of their anticipated high concentrations in untreated wastewater and their resistance to common wastewater treatments. Risk assessment studies from the food perspective, instead, focus mainly on bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Few site-specific data points were available for most of these microbial risk assessments, meaning that many assumptions were necessary, which are repeated in many studies. Specific parameters lacking hard data included rates of pathogen transfer from irrigation water to crops, pathogen penetration, and survival in or on food crops. Data on these factors have been investigated over the last decade and this should improve the reliability of future microbial risk estimates. However, the sheer number of different foodstuffs and pathogens, combined with water sources and irrigation practices, means that developing risk models that can span the breadth of fresh produce safety will be a considerable challenge. The new approach using microbial risk assessment is objective and evidence-based and leads to more flexibility and enables more tailored risk management practices and guidelines. Drawbacks are, however, capacity and knowledge to perform the microbial risk assessment and the need for data and preferably data of the specific region.

5 FAO. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP). 2014. A regional rice strategy for sustainable food security in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP). 52p. (RAP Publication 2014/05)
Food security ; Food consumption ; Food quality ; Sustainability ; Agricultural sector ; Rice ; Water productivity ; Intensification ; Nutrition ; Climate change ; Environmental effects ; Irrigation water ; Trade policies ; Markets ; Harvesting ; International cooperation ; Gender ; Empowerment ; Farmers ; Smallholders ; Investment ; Rural communities / Asia-Pacific
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.192 G570 FAO Record No: H047152)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3643e/i3643e.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047152.pdf
(1.49 MB) (1.49 MB)

6 Shein, H. A. 2016. Agricultural marketing and management in Myanmar. In Kywe, M.; Ngwe, K.; Oo, A. N. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Ninth Agricultural Research Conference, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 12-13 January 2016. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Yezin Agricultural University. pp.13-18.
Agricultural economics ; Marketing ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Seasonal cropping ; Exports ; International trade ; Supply chain ; Food quality ; Food surplus ; Food shortages ; Public-private cooperation / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047593)
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047593.pdf
(0.36 MB)
Geographically, Myanmar enjoys a key strategic position in South-east Asia, sharing its border with five neighboring countries, namely China, India, Bangladesh, Loa POR and Thailand. The main economic sector in Myanmar is agriculture, in which rice is the most important commodity, feeding a growing population and obtaining foreign exchange through the export of rice surplus. In 2013-14, total multiple crops sown area was 21.37 million hectare. The area planted to paddy amounted to 7.28 million or 34 % of total multiple crops hectares followed by that of pulses and oilseed crops which accounted for 4.53 and 10.1 million acres, respectively. The country's population in 2014-2015 was estimated at 51.41 million with an annual growth rate of 1 percent. At this rate, total population is estimated at 62.22 million in 2019-2020. The new sub-chain is also exported to develop with future plan to produce and export special quality rice in near future.

7 Rao, N. (Ed.) 2016. M. S. Swaminathan in conversation with Nitya Rao: a farmer-led approach to achieving a malnutrition-free India. Chennai, India: M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation. 44p.
Food security ; Human nutrition ; Malnutrition ; Protein deficiencies ; Micronutrients ; Farmer participation ; Agricultural development ; Green revolution ; Food quality ; Food safety ; Government agencies ; Policy / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.8 G635 RAO Record No: H047918)

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