Your search found 12 records
1 Sanderatne, N.; de Alwis, S. 2014. National and household food security in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA). 112p. (CEPA Study Series 8 - 2014)
Household income ; Household expenditure ; Food security ; Right to food ; Food production ; Food policies ; Development projects ; Political aspects ; Economic aspects ; Rice ; Subsidies ; Imports ; Nutrition ; Malnutrition / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.19 G744 SAN Record No: H046772)
(0.33 MB)
2 Myanmar. Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development. Central Statistical Organization (CSO). 2012. Statistical yearbook 2011. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Central Statistical Organization (CSO). 549p.
Statistics ; Agricultural sector ; Livestock ; Fisheries ; Employment ; Education ; Rural areas ; Urban areas ; Population ; Health ; Malnutrition ; Manpower ; Gender ; Climatic data ; Forestry ; Industry ; Mining ; Electric power ; Building construction ; Trade statistics ; Foreign trade ; Domestic trade ; Foreign investment ; Tourism ; Transport ; Communication technology ; Mass media ; Public finance ; Household expenditure ; Delinquent behaviour / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 310 G590 MYA Record No: H046974)
(0.74 MB)
3 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, Amare; Getnet, Kindie; Hoekstra, D.; Gebremedhin, B.; Bogale, A.; Getahun, Y. 2016. Does investment in motor pump-based smallholder irrigation lead to financially viable input intensification and production?: an economic assessment. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 28p. (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Working Paper 13)
Small scale farming ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation systems ; Smallholders ; Pumping ; Investment ; Intensification ; Economic aspects ; Assessment ; Production costs ; Financing ; Household expenditure ; Fertilizers ; Agricultural production ; Irrigated land ; Rainfed farming ; Cost benefit analysis ; Land use ; Policy making ; Farmers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047625)
(450 KB)
Privately adopted motor pump-based smallholder irrigation is different from conventional irrigation schemes in many ways. Unlike to scheme based irrigation that usually experience financial deficits and complex management bureaucracies, privately owned and managed irrigation technologies avoid problems related with collective action. This study focuses on the impact of motor pump-based smallholder irrigation in input use and production as compared to rainfed production systems and investigates the financial viability of such investments. Data used in this study come from the baseline and motor pump surveys of Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) project conducted in five districts of four LIVES intervention zones conducted in 2014, but in reference to the 2012/2013 production season. The non-parametric propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to assess the effect of motor pump-based smallholder irrigation on input use and production. Following this, we adopt a cost-benefit analysis framework to study whether such investment is financial viable. Results show that as compared to rainfed agriculture, the use of motor pump-based smallholder irrigation leads to significantly higher and financially viable input use and production. Based on different scenarios, the estimated net present values (NPV) computed at 8.5%; 13.9%; 25.9%; 28% and 30% interest rates show investment in motor pump-based smallholder irrigation is financially viable and robust even at high interest rate and volatile market conditions. The data also suggest that an increase in irrigated land leads to a higher profit margin/ha as a result of lower cost/ha and higher gross production values/ha. Despite that over abstraction of water and use of agro-chemicals may result in land degradation and reduced marginal benefits due to loss of micro nutrients and genetic diversity of crop varieties, our analyses fail to capture such external costs.
4 Jean, N.; Burke, M.; Xie, M.; Davis, W. M.; Lobell, D. B.; Ermon, S. 2016. Combining satellite imagery and machine learning to predict poverty. Science, 353(6301):790-794. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7894]
Poverty ; Satellite imagery ; Forecasting ; Living standards ; Household consumption ; Household expenditure ; Machine learning ; Neural networks ; Models ; Performance evaluation ; Economic aspects ; Assets / Nigeria / Tanzania / Uganda / Malawi / Rwanda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047755)
(7.12 MB)
Reliable data on economic livelihoods remain scarce in the developing world, hampering efforts to study these outcomes and to design policies that improve them. Here we demonstrate an accurate, inexpensive, and scalable method for estimating consumption expenditure and asset wealth from high-resolution satellite imagery. Using survey and satellite data from five African countries—Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, and Rwanda—we show how a convolutional neural network can be trained to identify image features that can explain up to 75% of the variation in local-level economic outcomes. Our method, which requires only publicly available data, could transform efforts to track and target poverty in developing countries. It also demonstrates how powerful machine learning techniques can be applied in a setting with limited training data, suggesting broad potential application across many scientific domains.
5 Fuente, D.; Gatua, J. G.; Ikiara, M.; Kabubo-Mariara, J.; Mwaura, M.; Whittington, D. 2016. Water and sanitation service delivery, pricing, and the poor: an empirical estimate of subsidy incidence in Nairobi, Kenya. Water Resources Research, 52(6):4845-4862. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018375]
Water supply ; Water rates ; Pricing ; Sanitation ; Subsidies ; Water users ; Household expenditure ; Poverty ; Income ; Socioeconomic environment ; Cost analysis / Kenya / Nairobi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047759)
(1.42 MB)
The increasing block tariff (IBT) is among the most widely used tariffs by water utilities, particularly in developing countries. This is due in part to the perception that the IBT can effectively target subsidies to low-income households. Combining data on households’ socioeconomic status and metered water use, this paper examines the distributional incidence of subsidies delivered through the IBT in Nairobi, Kenya. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that high-income residential and nonresidential customers receive a disproportionate share of subsidies and that subsidy targeting is poor even among households with a private metered connection. We also find that stated expenditure on water, a commonly used means of estimating water use, is a poor proxy for metered use and that previous studies on subsidy incidence underestimate the magnitude of the subsidy delivered through water tariffs. These findings have implications for both the design and evaluation of water tariffs in developing countries.
6 Lan, L. N.; Wichelns, D.; Milan, Florence; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Phuong, N. D. 2016. Household opportunity costs of protecting and developing forest lands in Son La and Hoa Binh Provinces, Vietnam. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2):902-928. [doi: https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.620]
Opportunity costs ; Household expenditure ; Forest land use ; Forest management ; Forest protection ; Bamboos ; Cassava ; Maize ; Payment agreements ; Environmental services ; Planting ; Farmers ; Smallholders ; Ecosystem services / Vietnam / Son La Province / Hoa Binh Province
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047824)
https://www.thecommonsjournal.org/articles/10.18352/ijc.620/galley/581/download/
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047824.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047824.pdf
(807 KB)
Vietnam has pilot-tested a payment for forest environmental services (PFES) program in an effort to restore and protect forest areas, some of which have been severely degraded by the excessive cutting of trees by small-scale farmers planting annual crops on steep, sloping lands. The pilot program implemented in southern Vietnam seems to be successful, yet the program in northern Vietnam has not produced the desired rates of planting and maintaining forest areas. The reasons for these mixed results include differences in socio-economic characteristics and also the production and marketing opportunities available to rural households in the project areas. To gain insight regarding program participation, we examine the household-level opportunity costs of planting and maintaining small plots of forest trees in northern Vietnam. We find that small-scale farmers in Hoa Binh Province, with limited financial resources, prefer the annual revenue stream provided by crops such as maize and cassava, rather than waiting for 7 years to obtain revenue from a forest planting. Farmers in Son La Province, with limited access to markets, prefer annual crops because they are not able to sell bamboo shoots and other forest products harvested from their small plots. In both provinces, the payments offered for planting and maintaining forest trees are smaller than the opportunity costs of planting and harvesting annual crops. Thus, most households likely would choose not to participate in the PFES program, at current payment rates, if given the opportunity to decline.
7 Zereyesus, Y. A.; Embaye, W. T.; Tsiboe, F.; Amanor-Boadu, V. 2017. Implications of non-farm work to vulnerability to food poverty-recent evidence from northern Ghana. World Development, 91:113-124. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.10.015]
Food security ; Nonfarm income ; Food consumption ; Household expenditure ; Forecasting ; Non-farm employment ; Participation ; Food insecurity ; Poverty ; Hunger ; Public health ; Socioeconomic environment ; Linear models ; Regression analysis / Ghana / Brong Ahafo Region / Northern Region / Upper East Region / Upper West Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048046)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X16305174/pdfft?md5=da180e20bb4e04280feb14bdeb445e03&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X16305174-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048046.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048046.pdf
(0.33 MB) (340 KB)
Using survey data from northern Ghana, this study seeks to establish the impact of participation in non-farm work on the vulnerability of resource poor households to food poverty. Vulnerability to food poverty is assessed based on expected future food expenditure of households. The potential endogeneity problem associated with participation in non-farm work by households is overcome using a novel instrumental variable approach. Analysis of the determinants of expected future food expenditure is done using a standard Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method. Demographic and socioeconomic variables, location variables, and household facilities are included in the model as control variables. Our study finds that participation in non-farm work significantly increased the future expected food consumption, thereby alleviating the vulnerability of households to food poverty. Our study also confirms that current food poverty and future food poverty, i.e., vulnerability to food poverty, are not independent from each other. Non-farm work plays a crucial role in providing the means to overcome the risk of food poverty in these resource poor households. Policies that promote off-farm income generating activities, such as small businesses and self-employment, as well as the creation and support of businesses that absorb extra labor from the farm, should be encouraged in the study region. Because households in the study region are exposed to above average levels of hunger and food poverty, the study recommends the government of Ghana and development partners to take measures that enhance the resilience of these resource poor households.
8 Tambo, J. A.; Wunscher, T. 2017. Farmer-led innovations and rural household welfare: evidence from Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 55:263-274. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.018]
Farmer participation ; Agricultural practices ; Innovation ; Household income ; Social welfare ; Household expenditure ; Household consumption ; Indicators ; Food security ; Nutrition ; Impact assessment ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models ; Econometrics ; Rural areas / Ghana / Bongo / Kassena Nankana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048318)
(0.43 MB)
It is well recognized that agricultural innovations could emerge from many sources, including rural farmers. Yet the numerous micro-level studies on impacts of agricultural innovations have largely focussed on externally promoted technologies, and a rigorous assessment of impacts of farmer-led innovations is lacking. We address this issue by analyzing the effect of farmer-led innovations on rural household welfare, measured by income, consumption expenditure, and food security. Using household survey data from northern Ghana and applying endogenous switching regression and maximum simulated likelihood techniques, we find that farmer-led innovations significantly increase household income and consumption expenditure per adult equivalent. The innovations also contribute significantly to the reduction of household food insecurity by increasing food consumption expenditure, by decreasing the duration of food shortages, and by reducing the severity of hunger. Furthermore, we find that these effects are more pronounced for farm households whose innovative activities are minor modifications of existing techniques. Overall, our results show positive welfare effects of farmer-led innovations, and thus support increasing arguments on the need to promote farmer-led innovations (which have been largely undervalued) as a complement to externally promoted technologies in food security and rural poverty reduction efforts.
9 Keerthiratne, S.; Tol, R. S. J. 2018. Impact of natural disasters on income inequality in Sri Lanka. World Development, 105:217-230. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.001]
Natural disasters ; Household income ; Equity ; Household expenditure ; Farm income ; Economic impact ; Population ; Socioeconomic environment ; Regression analysis ; Models / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048763)
(0.79 MB)
We explore the relationship between natural disasters and income inequality in Sri Lanka as the first study of this nature for the country. The analysis uses a unique panel data set constructed for the purpose of this paper. It contains district inequality measures based on household income reported in six waves of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of Sri Lanka during the period between 1990 and 2013, data on disaster affected population and other economic and social indicators. Employing a panel fixed effects estimator, we find that contemporaneous natural disasters and their immediate lags significantly and substantially decrease inequality in per adult equivalent household income as measured by the Theil index. Findings are robust across various inequality metrics, sub-samples and alternative estimators such as Ordinary Least Squares and System GMM. However, natural disasters do not affect household expenditure inequality. Either households behave as if they have a permanent income or all households reduce their expenditure proportionately irrespective of their income level in responding to natural disasters. Natural disasters decrease non-seasonal agricultural and non-agricultural income inequality but increase seasonal agricultural income inequality. Income of richer households is mainly derived from non-agricultural sources such as manufacturing and business activities and non-seasonal agricultural activities. Poorer households have a higher share of agricultural income.
10 Kafle, K.; Benfica, R.; Winters, P. 2018. Does relative deprivation induce migration?: evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 42p. (IFAD Research Series 21)
Migration ; Living standards ; Measurement ; Household consumption ; Household expenditure ; Migrants ; Poverty ; Socioeconomic environment ; Equity ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Ethiopia / Malawi / Nigeria / Uganda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049176)
https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40236764/21_Research_n%C2%B021_web.pdf/39613ca3-ef3a-48c9-9440-c5de858aba53
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049176.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049176.pdf
(0.67 MB) (684 KB)
This paper revisits the decades-old relative deprivation theory of migration. In contrast to the traditional view that portrays absolute income maximization as a driver of migration, we test whether relative deprivation induces migration in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. Taking advantage of the internationally comparable longitudinal data from integrated household and agriculture surveys from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria and Uganda, we use panel fixed effects to estimate the effects of relative deprivation on migration. We find that a household’s migration decision is based not only on its well-being status, but also on the relative position of the household in the well-being distribution of the local community. Relative deprivation of wealth was positively associated with migration and migration increased with the absolute level of wealth. These results are robust to alternative specifications including pooled data across the five countries, and the “migration-relative deprivation” relationship is amplified in rural, agricultural and male-headed households. Results imply a need to renew the discussion of relative deprivation as a cause of migration.
11 Goswami, R.; Roy, K.; Dutta, S.; Ray, K.; Sarkar, S.; Brahmachari, K.; Nanda, M. K.; Mainuddin, M.; Banerjee, H.; Timsina, J.; Majumdar, K. 2021. Multi-faceted impact and outcome of COVID-19 on smallholder agricultural systems: integrating qualitative research and fuzzy cognitive mapping to explore resilient strategies. Agricultural Systems, 189:103051. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103051]
Smallholders ; Agricultural systems ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Cyclones ; Coping strategies ; Irrigation water ; Salinity ; Crop production ; Soil fertility ; Livestock ; Market access ; Labour ; Farmers ; Household income ; Household expenditure ; Stakeholders ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Villages ; Qualitative analysis / India / West Bengal / Sundarbans
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050287)
(4.61 MB)
The shock of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disrupted food systems worldwide. Such disruption, affecting multiple systems interfaces in smallholder agriculture, is unprecedented and needs to be understood from multi-stakeholder perspectives. The multiple loops of causality in the pathways of impact renders the system outcomes unpredictable. Understanding the nature of such unpredictable pathways is critical to identify present and future systems intervention strategies. Our study aims to explore the multiple pathways of present and future impact created by the pandemic and “Amphan” cyclonic storm on smallholder agricultural systems. Also, we anticipate the behaviour of the systems elements under different realistic scenarios of intervention. We explored the severity and multi-faceted impacts of the pandemic on vulnerable smallholder agricultural production systems through in-depth interactions with key players at the micro-level. It provided contextual information, and revealed critical insights to understand the cascading effect of the pandemic and the cyclone on farm households. We employed thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with multiple stakeholders in Sundarbans areas in eastern India, to identify the present and future systems outcomes caused by the pandemic, and later compounded by “Amphan”. The immediate adaptation strategies of the farmers were engaging family labors, exchanging labors with neighbouring farmers, borrowing money from relatives, accessing free food rations, replacing dead livestock, early harvesting, and reclamation of waterbodies. The thematic analysis identified several systems elements, such as harvesting, marketing, labor accessibility, among others, through which the impacts of the pandemic were expressed. Drawing on these outputs, we employed Mental Modeler, a Fuzzy-Logic Cognitive Mapping tool, to develop multi-stakeholder mental models for the smallholder agricultural systems of the region. Analysis of the mental models indicated the centrality of “Kharif” (monsoon) rice production, current farm income, and investment for the next crop cycle to determine the pathways and degree of the dual impact on farm households. Current household expenditure, livestock, and soil fertility were other central elements in the shared mental model. Scenario analysis with multiple stakeholders suggested enhanced market access and current household income, sustained investment in farming, rapid improvement in affected soil, irrigation water and livestock as the most effective strategies to enhance the resilience of farm families during and after the pandemic. This study may help in formulating short and long-term intervention strategies in the post-pandemic communities, and the methodological approach can be used elsewhere to understand perturbed socioecological systems to formulate anticipatory intervention strategies based on collective wisdom of stakeholders.
12 Sam, A. G.; Abidoye, B. O.; Mashaba, S. 2021. Climate change and household welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: empirical evidence from Swaziland. Food Security, 13(2):439-455. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01113-z]
Climate change ; Food prices ; Household expenditure ; Welfare ; Food consumption ; Food security ; Poverty ; Commodities ; Rural areas ; Urban areas / Africa South of Sahara / Eswatini
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050362)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-020-01113-z.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050362.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050362.pdf
(0.60 MB) (616 KB)
The fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and several studies suggest that climate change is expected to increase food insecurity and poverty in many parts of the world. In this paper, we adopt a microeconometric approach to empirically estimate the impact of climate change-induced hikes in cereal prices on household welfare in Swaziland (also Kingdom of Eswatini). We do so first by econometrically estimating expenditure and price elasticities of five food groups consumed by households in Swaziland using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), based on data from the 2009/2010 Swaziland Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Second, we use the estimated expenditure and compensated elasticities from the AIDS model, food shares from the household survey, and food price projections developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) to estimate the proportionate increase in income required to maintain the level of household utility that would have prevailed absent an increase in food prices. Our results show increases in cereal prices due to climate change are expected to double extreme poverty in urban areas and increase poverty in rural areas of the country to staggering levels - between 71 and 75%, compared to 63% before the price changes. Income transfers of between 17.5 and 25.4% of pre-change expenditures are needed to avoid the welfare losses.
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