Your search found 13 records
1 Luthin, J. N. (Ed.) 1957. Drainage of agricultural lands. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy. 620p.
Agricultural land ; Drainage ; Surface drainage ; Soil water ; Soil moisture ; Soil water content ; Soil organic matter ; Soil permeability ; Water table ; Irrigation water ; Hygroscopicity ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Wells ; Pumping ; Engineering ; Crops
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.62 G000 LUT Record No: H043948)
(0.09 MB)
2 Gumma, M. K.; Thenkabail, P. S.; Muralikrishna. I. V.; Velpuri, M. N.; Gangadhara Rao, Parthasaradhi; Dheeravath, V.; Biradar, C. M.; Acharya, N. Sreedhar; Gaur, A. 2011. Changes in agricultural cropland areas between a water-surplus year and a water-deficit year impacting food security, determined using MODIS 250 m time-series data and spectral matching techniques, in the Krishna River basin (India). International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32(12):3495-3520. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161003749485]
Agricultural land ; Farmland ; Water availability ; Water use ; Water deficit ; Food security ; Models ; River basins ; Rain ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated land ; Land use ; Land cover ; Climate change ; Satellite imagery ; Mapping ; Time series analysis ; Spectral analysis / India / Krishna River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043968)
(1.46 MB)
The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in cropland areas as a result of water availability using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m time-series data and spectral matching techniques (SMTs). The study was conducted in the Krishna River basin in India, a very large river basin with an area of 265 752 km2 (26 575 200 ha), comparing a water-surplus year (2000–2001) and a water-deficit year (2002–2003). The MODIS 250 m time-series data and SMTs were found ideal for agricultural cropland change detection over large areas and provided fuzzy classification accuracies of 61–100% for various land-use classes and 61–81% for the rain-fed and irrigated classes. The most mixing change occurred between rain-fed cropland areas and informally irrigated (e.g. groundwater and small reservoir) areas. Hence separation of these two classes was the most difficult. The MODIS 250 m-derived irrigated cropland areas for the districts were highly correlated with the Indian Bureau of Statistics data, with R2-values between 0.82 and 0.86. The change in the net area irrigated was modest, with an irrigated area of 8 669 881 ha during the water-surplus year, as compared with 7 718 900 ha during the water-deficit year. However, this is quite misleading as most of the major changes occurred in cropping intensity, such as changing from higher intensity to lower intensity (e.g. from double crop to single crop). The changes in cropping intensity of the agricultural cropland areas that took place in the water-deficit year (2002–2003) when compared with the water-surplus year (2000–2001) in the Krishna basin were: (a) 1 078 564 ha changed from double crop to single crop, (b) 1 461 177 ha changed from continuous crop to single crop, (c) 704 172 ha changed from irrigated single crop to fallow and (d) 1 314 522 ha changed from minor irrigation (e.g. tanks, small reservoirs) to rain-fed. These are highly significant changes that will have strong impact on food security. Such changes may be expected all over the world in a changing climate.
3 Weckenbrock, P.; Evans, Alexandra; Majeed, M. Q.; Ahmad, Waqas; Bashir, N. 2011. Fighting for the right to use wastewater: what drives the use of untreated wastewater in a peri-urban village of Faisalabad, Pakistan? Water International, 36(4):522-534. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.596323]
Water reuse ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Sanitation ; Periurban areas ; Case studies ; Canals ; Agricultural land / Pakistan / Faisalabad / Chakera village
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H044200)
(1.14 MB)
This case study from Chakera village, Faisalabad City, Pakistan describes the transition from canal-water irrigation to wastewater irrigation over a period of several decades. It shows that while the initial motivation for wastewater use was water scarcity and a lack of choice, farmers soon realized there were benefits associated with this alternative water supply. In the subsequent decades, they made great efforts and overcame organizational, infrastructural and legal obstacles to establish wastewater irrigation as the only irrigation on most of the village’s agricultural area.
4 Dasthagir, K. G. 2012. Fencing women in water user associations: an appraisal of gender strategy for participatory irrigation management in Tamil Nadu [India] IWMI-Tata Water Policy Research Highlight, 24. 5p.
Gender ; Women ; Water user associations ; Participatory management ; Irrigation management ; Agricultural land / India / Tamil Nadu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H045399)
(257.5KB)
5 Cai, Xueliang; Chilonda, Pius; Matete, M. 2012. Doubling irrigation for southern Africa – do we have enough water and where is the hope? Paper presented at the Biennial Conference and Exhibition of Water Institute of Southern Africa, Cape Town, South Africa, 7-9 May 2012. 9p.
Irrigation development ; Irrigated sites ; Food security ; Water resources ; Water management ; Climate change ; Rain ; River basins ; Runoff ; Water availability ; Dams ; Water withdrawal ; Agricultural land / Southern Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045718)
http://www.ewisa.co.za/literature/files/WISA-2012-Doubling%20irrigation%20for%20Southern%20Africa%20-%20paper.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045718.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045718.pdf
(0.38 MB) (399KB)
Southern Africa Development Communality (SADC) through its Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP) has set up an ambitious goal to double irrigation by 2015, which it sees as important component to sustain regional development and ensure food security. While the target timeline is questionable with year 2015 fast approaching, the goal to increase irrigated areas to 7% is certainly valid and has significant implications for regional food security and livelihood of rural population. The objective of this paper is to examine water resources in conjunction with the status of irrigation development in SADC region, and assess water availability for irrigation development. The desktop analysis builds largely upon literature, existing projects and products to integrate baseline information. The results reveal that water is sufficiently available for doubling irrigation without hampering too much on environment even with the possible impacts imposed by climate change. The potential is however largely variable from country to country, and basin to basin. To make irrigation sustainable and cost-benefit effective, irrigation expansion needs to undertake smart water resources/storages development to avoid significant impact on ecosystem functions which are all supported by water.
6 Baumgartner, P. 2012. Change in trend and new types of large-scale investments in Ethiopia. In Allan, T.; Keulertz, M.; Sojamo, S.; Warner, J. (Eds.). Handbook of land and water grabs in Africa: foreign direct investment and food and water security. London, UK: Routledge. pp.178-192.
Agricultural production ; Agricultural land ; Government ; Foreign investment ; Investment policies ; History ; Land acquisitions ; Landowners / Africa / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 ALL Record No: H045678)
7 Cai, Xueliang; Magidi, J.; Nhamo, Luxon; van Koppen, Barbara. 2017. Mapping irrigated areas in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 37p. (IWMI Working Paper 172) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2017.205]
Irrigated land ; Agricultural land ; Cultivated land ; Agricultural development ; Rainfed farming ; Land cover ; Remote sensing ; Satellite imagery ; Mapping ; Sustainable development ; Water resources ; Water security ; Surface water ; Groundwater irrigation ; Seasonal cropping ; Winter crops ; Food production ; Developing countries ; Irrigation operation ; Smallholders ; Surveys ; Capacity building / South Africa / Limpopo Province
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048084)
(2 MB)
This report summarizes the findings of a collaborative effort to map and assess irrigated areas in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study was conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and the Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (LDARD), as part of the DAFF-supported ‘Revitalization of irrigation in South Africa’ project. Based on a combination of Landsat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data, previous irrigated area mapping exercises carried out by DAFF and three-field ground truthing (GT) surveys, a total of 1.6 million hectares (Mha) of cropland were identified, with 262,000 ha actually irrigated in the 2015 winter season. The study also found that only 29% of all land equipped with center pivots was actually irrigated.
8 Prathapar, S. A.; Rajmohan, N.; Sharma, Bharat R.; Aggarwal, P. 2018. Vertical drains to minimize duration of seasonal waterlogging in Eastern Ganges Basin flood plains: a field experiment. Natural Hazards, 92(1):1-17. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3188-0]
Waterlogging ; Water levels ; Water table ; Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Floodplains ; River basins ; Seasonal changes ; Agricultural land ; Vertical movement ; Drainage ; Farmers ; Infiltration ; Soil sampling ; Monsoon climate ; Rain ; Fluctuations ; Canals ; Flow discharge / Tibet / Nepal / India / Bangladesh / Bihar / Vaishali District / Mukundpur Village / Ganges Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048907)
In the Ganges basin, 8268.6 km2 of irrigation command area is waterlogged following monsoon rains. In this study, vertical drain (VD) (L × D, 7 × 1 m) filled with drainage gravel (6.5 m) and coarse sand (0.5 m) is installed in farmer’s agricultural field to minimize the duration of seasonal waterlogging and tested in Mukundpur village, Vaishalli District, Bihar, India. At the experimental site, inundation of rainfall and runoff from surrounding areas along with the seepage from an earthen canal start in September and remain till February, every year which prevents timely planting of wheat in November-end/December. Drainage due to percolation and recharge to groundwater is constrained by 6.4-m thick clay layer, below 0.5-m root-zone, and the groundwater level, which rises to the surface level. VDs were installed to provide a path and allow inundated water to recharge the aquifer, as groundwater level recedes. Groundwater level drop, floodwater infiltration rate, groundwater discharge, and VD capability were estimated through field data. Results show that VDs connected the floodwater to groundwater and transferred the floodwater to the aquifer when groundwater level started to recede. The site was fully drained by the end of December, permitting farmers to plant wheat in January providing cool nights at germination, thus increasing yields.
9 Akpoti, K.; Kabo-bah, A. T.; Zwart, Sander J. 2019. Agricultural land suitability analysis: state-of-the-art and outlooks for integration of climate change analysis. Agricultural Systems, 173:172-208. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.02.013]
Agricultural land ; Sustainable agriculture ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Land suitability ; Land use ; Integration ; Climate change ; Machine learning ; Crop production ; Crop yield ; Crop modelling ; Food security ; Environmental impact ; Planning ; Water availability ; Socioeconomic environment ; Ecosystems
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049142)
Agricultural land suitability analysis (ALSA) for crop production is one of the key tools for ensuring sustainable agriculture and for attaining the current global food security goal in line with the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) of United Nations. Although some review studies addressed land suitability, few of them specifically focused on land suitability analysis for agriculture. Furthermore, previous reviews have not reflected on the impact of climate change on future land suitability and how this can be addressed or integrated into ALSA methods. In the context of global environmental changes and sustainable agriculture debate, we showed from the current review that ALSA is a worldwide land use planning approach. We reported from the reviewed articles 69 frequently used factors in ALSA. These factors were further categorized in climatic conditions (16), nutrients and favorable soils (34 of soil and landscape), water availability in the root zone (8 for hydrology and irrigation) and socio-economic and technical requirements (11). Also, in getting a complete view of crop’s ecosystems and factors that can explain and improve yield, inherent local socio-economic factors should be considered. We showed that this aspect has been often omitted in most of the ALSA modeling with only 38% of the total reviewed article using socio-economic factors. Also, only 30% of the studies included uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in their modeling process. We found limited inclusions of climate change in the application of the ALSA. We emphasize that incorporating current and future climate change projections in ALSA is the way forward for sustainable or optimum agriculture and food security. To this end, qualitative and quantitative approaches must be integrated into a unique ALSA system (Hybrid Land Evaluation System - HLES) to improve the land evaluation approach.
10 Bark, R. H. 2021. Designing a flood storage option on agricultural land: what can flood risk managers learn from drought management? Water, 13(18):2604. (Special issue: Research of River Flooding) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182604]
Flooding ; Risk management ; Drought ; Agricultural land ; Floodplains ; Climate change ; Ecosystem services ; Transfer of waters ; Infrastructure ; Landowners ; Agreements ; Policies ; Farmers ; Households ; Participation / USA / Australia / California / Colorado River / Murray-Darling Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050644)
(0.31 MB) (320 KB)
The increasing probability of loss and damage to floods is a global concern. Countries are united by an urgent need to reduce flood risk to households, businesses, agricultural land, and infrastructure. As natural and engineered protection erodes with climate change and development pressures, new approaches to flood risk management delivered at the catchment scale that work with nature hold promise. One nature-based solution that aligns with this Special Issue on river flooding is the temporary storage of floodwaters on the floodplain. In many countries, this would involve controlled flooding inland low-lying agricultural land. Designing schemes that farmers and irrigation districts will adopt is essential. To inform future floodplain storage options, we review farm-centred drought management, specifically, agreements that transfer agricultural water to municipalities through fallowing in California, USA and an Australian farm exit scheme. These initiatives reveal underpinning principles around the need to: balance the multiple objectives of the parties, share the benefits and responsibilities, address local impacts and practical guidance on incentive design including the consideration of conditional participation requirements and responding to farmer and public preferences. In terms of funding there is opportunity for blended financing with flood-prone communities, insurers, and conservation charities.
11 Eid-Sabbagh, K.; Roukoz, S.; Nassif, Marie-Helene; Velpuri, Naga; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier. 2022. Analysis of water reuse potential for irrigation in Lebanon. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 145p. (IWMI Research Report 181) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.211]
Water reuse ; Water potential ; Irrigation water ; Analysis ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Municipal wastewater ; Databases ; Modelling ; Geographical information systems ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water budget ; Water balance ; Supply and demand ; Water demand ; Water governance ; Water rights ; Water availability ; Water use ; Water shortage ; Irrigation requirements ; Infrastructure ; Groundwater ; Water supply ; Wells ; Water quality ; Regulations ; Parameters ; Domestic water ; Agricultural land ; Irrigation systems ; Water authorities ; Stakeholders ; Non-governmental organizations ; Economic crises ; Financial situation ; Case studies / Lebanon / Ablah Wastewater Treatment Plant / Zahleh Wastewater Treatment Plant / Aintourine Wastewater Treatment Plant / Ijbaa Wastewater Treatment Plant / Chabriha/Sour Wastewater Treatment Plant / Hammana Wastewater Treatment Plant / Iaat Wastewater Treatment Plant / Yammouneh Wastewater Treatment Plant
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H051388)
(7.07 MB)
Water scarcity and pollution are major threats for human development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and Lebanon is no exception. Wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture can contribute to addressing the increasing water crisis in the MENA region. However, what is the actual potential of water reuse as a solution for agriculture in Lebanon? This report addresses this question and provides the most comprehensive assessment of water reuse potential up to now. Using geographic information system (GIS) modelling and the best and most recent data available in the country, the report develops a detailed technical assessment of the quantities of treated water available for safe reuse in irrigation, and identifies the wastewater treatment plants that have the highest potential for that purpose.
The report also examines the governance barriers that need to be overcome for the water reuse potential to materialize in practice. These barriers include structural shortcomings in the wastewater sector combined with challenges of governance and the lack of a regulatory framework for reuse management. Once the current economic, financial and political crisis in Lebanon eases, addressing these barriers will be key to achieving more and safer water reuse in the country.
The report also examines the governance barriers that need to be overcome for the water reuse potential to materialize in practice. These barriers include structural shortcomings in the wastewater sector combined with challenges of governance and the lack of a regulatory framework for reuse management. Once the current economic, financial and political crisis in Lebanon eases, addressing these barriers will be key to achieving more and safer water reuse in the country.
12 Epule, T. E.; Chehbouni, A.; Ongoma, V.; Brouziyne, Youssef; Etongo, D.; Molua, E. L. 2022. A new index on agricultural land greenhouse gas emissions in Africa. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(9):598. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10196-4]
Greenhouse gas emissions ; Agricultural land ; Carbon dioxide ; Methane emission ; Nitrous oxide ; Climate change adaptation ; Climate change mitigation ; Vulnerability ; Spatial distribution ; Time series analysis / North Africa / West Africa / Middle Africa / East Africa / Southern Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051387)
(1.27 MB)
Africa emits the lowest amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the global GHG budget. However, the continent remains the most vulnerable continent to the effects of climate change. The agricultural sector in Africa is among the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. Also, as a dominant agricultural sector, African agriculture is increasingly contributing to climate change through GHG emissions. Research has so far focused on the effects of GHG emissions on the agricultural and other sectors with very little emphasis on monitoring and quantifying the spatial distribution of GHG emissions from agricultural land in Africa. This study develops a new index: African Agricultural Land Greenhouse Gas Index (AALGGI) that uses scores and specific scale ranges for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) to map the spatial variations in regional GHG emissions across Africa. The data for the three main GHGs (CO2, CH4, and N20) were downloaded from FAOSTAT. The data were analyzed through the newly developed African Agricultural Land Greenhouse Gas Index (AALGGI). This is an empirical index with scores ranging from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating higher levels of emissions. The results show that Southern and North African regions have the lowest amounts of agricultural land GHG emissions, with AALGGIs of 3.5 and 4.5, respectively. East Africa records the highest levels of GHG emissions, with an AALGGI of 8 followed by West Africa with an AALGGI of 7.5. With the continental mean or baseline AALGGI being 5.8, East and Middle Africa are above the mean AALGGI. These results underscore the fact that though Africa, in general, is not a heavy emitter of GHGs, African agricultural lands are increasingly emitting more GHGs into the global GHG budget. The low AALGGIs in the more developed parts of Africa such as Southern and North Africa are explained by their domination in other GHG emitting sectors such as industrialization and energy. The high rates of emissions in East Africa and Middle Africa are mainly linked to intensive traditional farming practices/processes and deforestation. These findings underscore the need to further leverage climate change mitigation actions and policy in Africa and most importantly the co-benefits of mitigation and adaptations in the most vulnerable regions.
13 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2023. Inclusive agriculture: creating opportunities for women and youth in Mali’s irrigated vegetable value chain. Adaptive Innovation Scaling - Pathways from Small-scale Irrigation to Sustainable Development. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p. (IWMI Water Issue Brief 21) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.228]
Women ; Youth ; Social inclusion ; Gender ; Agricultural development ; Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Agricultural value chains ; Small-scale irrigation ; Sustainable development ; Policies ; Decentralization ; Intervention ; Climate change ; Food security ; Water resources development ; Water management ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Infrastructure ; Empowerment ; Economic growth ; Markets ; Farm income ; Financing ; Scaling ; Agricultural land ; Stakeholders ; Private sector ; Investment ; Innovation scaling / Mali
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051582)
(1.24 MB)
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